/*
 * @(#)DecimalFormat.java	1.71 03/01/23
 *
 * Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

/*
 * (C) Copyright Taligent, Inc. 1996, 1997 - All Rights Reserved
 * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1996 - 1998 - All Rights Reserved
 *
 *   The original version of this source code and documentation is copyrighted
 * and owned by Taligent, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of IBM. These
 * materials are provided under terms of a License Agreement between Taligent
 * and Sun. This technology is protected by multiple US and International
 * patents. This notice and attribution to Taligent may not be removed.
 *   Taligent is a registered trademark of Taligent, Inc.
 *
 */

package java.text;

import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Currency;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.ResourceBundle;
import sun.text.resources.LocaleData;

/**
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code> is a concrete subclass of
 * <code>NumberFormat</code> that formats decimal numbers. It has a variety of
 * features designed to make it possible to parse and format numbers in any
 * locale, including support for Western, Arabic, and Indic digits.  It also
 * supports different kinds of numbers, including integers (123), fixed-point
 * numbers (123.4), scientific notation (1.23E4), percentages (12%), and
 * currency amounts ($123).  All of these can be localized.
 *
 * <p>To obtain a <code>NumberFormat</code> for a specific locale, including the
 * default locale, call one of <code>NumberFormat</code>'s factory methods, such
 * as <code>getInstance()</code>.  In general, do not call the
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code> constructors directly, since the
 * <code>NumberFormat</code> factory methods may return subclasses other than
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code>. If you need to customize the format object, do
 * something like this:
 *
 * <blockquote><pre>
 * NumberFormat f = NumberFormat.getInstance(loc);
 * if (f instanceof DecimalFormat) {
 *     ((DecimalFormat) f).setDecimalSeparatorAlwaysShown(true);
 * }
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <p>A <code>DecimalFormat</code> comprises a <em>pattern</em> and a set of
 * <em>symbols</em>.  The pattern may be set directly using
 * <code>applyPattern()</code>, or indirectly using the API methods.  The
 * symbols are stored in a <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object.  When using
 * the <code>NumberFormat</code> factory methods, the pattern and symbols are
 * read from localized <code>ResourceBundle</code>s.
 *
 * <h4>Patterns</h4>
 *
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code> patterns have the following syntax:
 * <blockquote><pre>
 * <i>Pattern:</i>
 *         <i>PositivePattern</i>
 *         <i>PositivePattern</i> ; <i>NegativePattern</i>
 * <i>PositivePattern:</i>
 *         <i>Prefix<sub>opt</sub></i> <i>Number</i> <i>Suffix<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * <i>NegativePattern:</i>
 *         <i>Prefix<sub>opt</sub></i> <i>Number</i> <i>Suffix<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * <i>Prefix:</i>
 *         any Unicode characters except \uFFFE, \uFFFF, and special characters
 * <i>Suffix:</i>
 *         any Unicode characters except \uFFFE, \uFFFF, and special characters
 * <i>Number:</i>
 *         <i>Integer</i> <i>Exponent<sub>opt</sub></i>
 *         <i>Integer</i> . <i>Fraction</i> <i>Exponent<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * <i>Integer:</i>
 *         <i>MinimumInteger</i>
 *         #
 *         # <i>Integer</i>
 *         # , <i>Integer</i>
 * <i>MinimumInteger:</i>
 *         0
 *         0 <i>MinimumInteger</i>
 *         0 , <i>MinimumInteger</i>
 * <i>Fraction:</i>
 *         <i>MinimumFraction<sub>opt</sub></i> <i>OptionalFraction<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * <i>MinimumFraction:</i>
 *         0 <i>MinimumFraction<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * <i>OptionalFraction:</i>
 *         # <i>OptionalFraction<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * <i>Exponent:</i>
 *         E <i>MinimumExponent</i>
 * <i>MinimumExponent:</i>
 *         0 <i>MinimumExponent<sub>opt</sub></i>
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <p>A <code>DecimalFormat</code> pattern contains a positive and negative
 * subpattern, for example, <code>"#,##0.00;(#,##0.00)"</code>.  Each
 * subpattern has a prefix, numeric part, and suffix. The negative subpattern
 * is optional; if absent, then the positive subpattern prefixed with the
 * localized minus sign (code>'-'</code> in most locales) is used as the
 * negative subpattern. That is, <code>"0.00"</code> alone is equivalent to
 * <code>"0.00;-0.00"</code>.  If there is an explicit negative subpattern, it
 * serves only to specify the negative prefix and suffix; the number of digits,
 * minimal digits, and other characteristics are all the same as the positive
 * pattern. That means that <code>"#,##0.0#;(#)"</code> produces precisely
 * the same behavior as <code>"#,##0.0#;(#,##0.0#)"</code>.
 *
 * <p>The prefixes, suffixes, and various symbols used for infinity, digits,
 * thousands separators, decimal separators, etc. may be set to arbitrary
 * values, and they will appear properly during formatting.  However, care must
 * be taken that the symbols and strings do not conflict, or parsing will be
 * unreliable.  For example, either the positive and negative prefixes or the
 * suffixes must be distinct for <code>DecimalFormat.parse()</code> to be able
 * to distinguish positive from negative values.  (If they are identical, then
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code> will behave as if no negative subpattern was
 * specified.)  Another example is that the decimal separator and thousands
 * separator should be distinct characters, or parsing will be impossible.
 *
 * <p>The grouping separator is commonly used for thousands, but in some
 * countries it separates ten-thousands. The grouping size is a constant number
 * of digits between the grouping characters, such as 3 for 100,000,000 or 4 for
 * 1,0000,0000.  If you supply a pattern with multiple grouping characters, the
 * interval between the last one and the end of the integer is the one that is
 * used. So <code>"#,##,###,####"</code> == <code>"######,####"</code> ==
 * <code>"##,####,####"</code>.
 *
 * <h4>Special Pattern Characters</h4>
 *
 * <p>Many characters in a pattern are taken literally; they are matched during
 * parsing and output unchanged during formatting.  Special characters, on the
 * other hand, stand for other characters, strings, or classes of characters.
 * They must be quoted, unless noted otherwise, if they are to appear in the
 * prefix or suffix as literals.
 *
 * <p>The characters listed here are used in non-localized patterns.  Localized
 * patterns use the corresponding characters taken from this formatter's
 * <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object instead, and these characters lose
 * their special status.  Two exceptions are the currency sign and quote, which
 * are not localized.
 *
 * <blockquote>
 * <table border=0 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 summary="Chart showing symbol,
 *  location, localized, and meaning.">
 *     <tr bgcolor="#ccccff">
 *          <th align=left>Symbol
 *          <th align=left>Location
 *          <th align=left>Localized?
 *          <th align=left>Meaning
 *     <tr valign=top>
 *          <td><code>0</code>
 *          <td>Number
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Digit
 *     <tr valign=top bgcolor="#eeeeff">
 *          <td><code>#</code>
 *          <td>Number
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Digit, zero shows as absent
 *     <tr valign=top>
 *          <td><code>.</code>
 *          <td>Number
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Decimal separator or monetary decimal separator
 *     <tr valign=top bgcolor="#eeeeff">
 *          <td><code>-</code>
 *          <td>Number
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Minus sign
 *     <tr valign=top>
 *          <td><code>,</code>
 *          <td>Number
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Grouping separator
 *     <tr valign=top bgcolor="#eeeeff">
 *          <td><code>E</code>
 *          <td>Number
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Separates mantissa and exponent in scientific notation.
 *              <em>Need not be quoted in prefix or suffix.</em>
 *     <tr valign=top>
 *          <td><code></code>
 *          <td>Subpattern boundary
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Separates positive and negative subpatterns
 *     <tr valign=top bgcolor="#eeeeff">
 *          <td><code>%</code>
 *          <td>Prefix or suffix
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Multiply by 100 and show as percentage
 *     <tr valign=top>
 *          <td><code>\u2030</code>
 *          <td>Prefix or suffix
 *          <td>Yes
 *          <td>Multiply by 1000 and show as per mille
 *     <tr valign=top bgcolor="#eeeeff">
 *          <td><code>¤</code> (<code>\u00A4</code>)
 *          <td>Prefix or suffix
 *          <td>No
 *          <td>Currency sign, replaced by currency symbol.  If
 *              doubled, replaced by international currency symbol.
 *              If present in a pattern, the monetary decimal separator
 *              is used instead of the decimal separator.
 *     <tr valign=top>
 *          <td><code>'</code>
 *          <td>Prefix or suffix
 *          <td>No
 *          <td>Used to quote special characters in a prefix or suffix,
 *              for example, <code>"'#'#"</code> formats 123 to
 *              <code>"#123"</code>.  To create a single quote
 *              itself, use two in a row: <code>"# o''clock"</code>.
 * </table>
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * <h4>Scientific Notation</h4>
 *
 * <p>Numbers in scientific notation are expressed as the product of a mantissa
 * and a power of ten, for example, 1234 can be expressed as 1.234 x 10^3.  The
 * mantissa is often in the range 1.0 <= x < 10.0, but it need not be.
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code> can be instructed to format and parse scientific
 * notation <em>only via a pattern</em> there is currently no factory method
 * that creates a scientific notation format.  In a pattern, the exponent
 * character immediately followed by one or more digit characters indicates
 * scientific notation.  Example: <code>"0.###E0"</code> formats the number
 * 1234 as <code>"1.234E3"</code>.
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>The number of digit characters after the exponent character gives the
 * minimum exponent digit count.  There is no maximum.  Negative exponents are
 * formatted using the localized minus sign, <em>not</em> the prefix and suffix
 * from the pattern.  This allows patterns such as <code>"0.###E0 m/s"</code>.
 *
 * <li>The minimum and maximum number of integer digits are interpreted
 * together:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>If the maximum number of integer digits is greater than their minimum number
 * and greater than 1, it forces the exponent to be a multiple of the maximum
 * number of integer digits, and the minimum number of integer digits to be
 * interpreted as 1.  The most common use of this is to generate
 * <em>engineering notation</em>, in which the exponent is a multiple of three,
 * e.g., <code>"##0.#####E0"</code>. Using this pattern, the number 12345
 * formats to <code>"12.345E3"</code>, and 123456 formats to
 * <code>"123.456E3"</code>.
 *
 * <li>Otherwise, the minimum number of integer digits is achieved by adjusting the
 * exponent.  Example: 0.00123 formatted with <code>"00.###E0"</code> yields
 * <code>"12.3E-4"</code>.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <li>The number of significant digits in the mantissa is the sum of the
 * <em>minimum integer</em> and <em>maximum fraction</em> digits, and is
 * unaffected by the maximum integer digits.  For example, 12345 formatted with
 * <code>"##0.##E0"</code> is <code>"12.3E3"</code>. To show all digits, set
 * the significant digits count to zero.  The number of significant digits
 * does not affect parsing.
 *
 * <li>Exponential patterns may not contain grouping separators.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h4>Rounding</h4>
 *
 * <code>DecimalFormat</code> uses half-even rounding (see
 * {@link java.math.BigDecimal#ROUND_HALF_EVEN ROUND_HALF_EVEN}) for
 * formatting.
 *
 * <h4>Digits</h4>
 *
 * For formatting, <code>DecimalFormat</code> uses the ten consecutive
 * characters starting with the localized zero digit defined in the
 * <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object as digits. For parsing, these
 * digits as well as all Unicode decimal digits, as defined by
 * {@link Character#digit Character.digit}, are recognized.
 *
 * <h4>Special Values</h4>
 *
 * <p><code>NaN</code> is formatted as a single character, typically
 * <code>\uFFFD</code>.  This character is determined by the
 * <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object.  This is the only value for which
 * the prefixes and suffixes are not used.
 *
 * <p>Infinity is formatted as a single character, typically
 * <code>\u221E</code>, with the positive or negative prefixes and suffixes
 * applied.  The infinity character is determined by the
 * <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object.
 *
 * <p>Negative zero (<code>"-0"</code>) parses to <code>Double(-0.0)</code>,
 * unless <code>isParseIntegerOnly()</code> is true, in which case it parses to
 * <code>Long(0)</code>.
 *
 * <h4><a name="synchronization">Synchronization</a></h4>
 *
 * <p>
 * Decimal formats are generally not synchronized.
 * It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread.
 * If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized
 * externally.
 *
 * <h4>Example</h4>
 *
 * <blockquote><pre>
 * <strong>// Print out a number using the localized number, integer, currency,
 * // and percent format for each locale</strong>
 * Locale[] locales = NumberFormat.getAvailableLocales();
 * double myNumber = -1234.56;
 * NumberFormat form;
 * for (int j=0; j<4; ++j) {
 *     System.out.println("FORMAT");
 *     for (int i = 0; i < locales.length; ++i) {
 *         if (locales[i].getCountry().length() == 0) {
 *            continue; // Skip language-only locales
 *         }
 *         System.out.print(locales[i].getDisplayName());
 *         switch (j) {
 *         case 0:
 *             form = NumberFormat.getInstance(locales[i]); break;
 *         case 1:
 *             form = NumberFormat.getIntegerInstance(locales[i]); break;
 *         case 2:
 *             form = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(locales[i]); break;
 *         default:
 *             form = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(locales[i]); break;
 *         }
 *         if (form instanceof DecimalFormat) {
 *             System.out.print(": " + ((DecimalFormat) form).toPattern());
 *         }
 *         System.out.print(" -> " + form.format(myNumber));
 *         try {
 *             System.out.println(" -> " + form.parse(form.format(myNumber)));
 *         } catch (ParseException e) {}
 *     }
 * }
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * @see          <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/i18n/format/decimalFormat.html">Java Tutorial</a>
 * @see          NumberFormat
 * @see          DecimalFormatSymbols
 * @see          ParsePosition
 * @version      1.71 01/23/03
 * @author       Mark Davis
 * @author       Alan Liu
 */
public class DecimalFormat extends NumberFormat {

    /**
     * Creates a DecimalFormat using the default pattern and symbols
     * for the default locale. This is a convenient way to obtain a
     * DecimalFormat when internationalization is not the main concern.
     * <p>
     * To obtain standard formats for a given locale, use the factory methods
     * on NumberFormat such as getNumberInstance. These factories will
     * return the most appropriate sub-class of NumberFormat for a given
     * locale.
     *
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getNumberInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getCurrencyInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getPercentInstance
     */
    public DecimalFormat() {
        Locale def = Locale.getDefault();
        // try to get the pattern from the cache
        String pattern = (String) cachedLocaleData.get(def);
        if (pattern == null) {  /* cache miss */
            // Get the pattern for the default locale.
            ResourceBundle rb = LocaleData.getLocaleElements(def);
            String[] all = rb.getStringArray("NumberPatterns");
            pattern = all[0];
            /* update cache */
            cachedLocaleData.put(def, pattern);
        }

        // Always applyPattern after the symbols are set
        this.symbols = new DecimalFormatSymbols(def);
        applyPattern(pattern, false);
    }


    /**
     * Creates a DecimalFormat using the given pattern and the symbols
     * for the default locale. This is a convenient way to obtain a
     * DecimalFormat when internationalization is not the main concern.
     * <p>
     * To obtain standard formats for a given locale, use the factory methods
     * on NumberFormat such as getNumberInstance. These factories will
     * return the most appropriate sub-class of NumberFormat for a given
     * locale.
     *
     * @param pattern A non-localized pattern string.
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>pattern</code> is null
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the given pattern is invalid.
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getNumberInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getCurrencyInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getPercentInstance
     */
    public DecimalFormat(String pattern) {
        // Always applyPattern after the symbols are set
        this.symbols = new DecimalFormatSymbols(Locale.getDefault());
        applyPattern(pattern, false);
    }


    /**
     * Creates a DecimalFormat using the given pattern and symbols.
     * Use this constructor when you need to completely customize the
     * behavior of the format.
     * <p>
     * To obtain standard formats for a given
     * locale, use the factory methods on NumberFormat such as
     * getInstance or getCurrencyInstance. If you need only minor adjustments
     * to a standard format, you can modify the format returned by
     * a NumberFormat factory method.
     *
     * @param pattern a non-localized pattern string
     * @param symbols the set of symbols to be used
     * @exception NullPointerException if any of the given arguments is null
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the given pattern is invalid
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getNumberInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getCurrencyInstance
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#getPercentInstance
     * @see java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols
     */
    public DecimalFormat (String pattern, DecimalFormatSymbols symbols) {
        // Always applyPattern after the symbols are set
        this.symbols = (DecimalFormatSymbols)symbols.clone();
        applyPattern(pattern, false);
    }


    // Overrides
    /**
     * Formats a double to produce a string.
     * @param number    The double to format
     * @param result    where the text is to be appended
     * @param fieldPosition    On input: an alignment field, if desired.
     * On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
     * @return The formatted number string
     * @see java.text.FieldPosition
     */
    public StringBuffer format(double number, StringBuffer result,
                               FieldPosition fieldPosition)
    {
        fieldPosition.setBeginIndex(0);
        fieldPosition.setEndIndex(0);
        return format(number, result, fieldPosition.getFieldDelegate());
    }

    /**
     * Formats a double to produce a string.
     * @param number    The double to format
     * @param result    where the text is to be appended
     * @param delegate notified of locations of sub fields
     * @return The formatted number string
     */
    private StringBuffer format(double number, StringBuffer result,
                                FieldDelegate delegate) {
        if (Double.isNaN(number))
        {
            int iFieldStart = result.length();

            result.append(symbols.getNaN());

            delegate.formatted(INTEGER_FIELD, Field.INTEGER, Field.INTEGER,
                               iFieldStart, result.length(), result);
            return result;
        }

        /* Detecting whether a double is negative is easy with the exception of
         * the value -0.0.  This is a double which has a zero mantissa (and
         * exponent), but a negative sign bit.  It is semantically distinct from
         * a zero with a positive sign bit, and this distinction is important
         * to certain kinds of computations.  However, it's a little tricky to
         * detect, since (-0.0 == 0.0) and !(-0.0 < 0.0).  How then, you may
         * ask, does it behave distinctly from +0.0?  Well, 1/(-0.0) ==
         * -Infinity.  Proper detection of -0.0 is needed to deal with the
         * issues raised by bugs 4106658, 4106667, and 4147706.  Liu 7/6/98.
         */
        boolean isNegative = (number < 0.0) || (number == 0.0 && 1/number < 0.0);
        if (isNegative) number = -number;

        // Do this BEFORE checking to see if value is infinite!
        if (multiplier != 1) number *= multiplier;

        if (Double.isInfinite(number))
        {
            if (isNegative) {
                append(result, negativePrefix, delegate,
                       getNegativePrefixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
            }
            else {
                append(result, positivePrefix, delegate,
                       getPositivePrefixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
            }
            int iFieldStart = result.length();

            result.append(symbols.getInfinity());

            delegate.formatted(INTEGER_FIELD, Field.INTEGER, Field.INTEGER,
                               iFieldStart, result.length(), result);

            if (isNegative) {
                append(result, negativeSuffix, delegate,
                       getNegativeSuffixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
            }
            else {
                append(result, positiveSuffix, delegate,
                       getPositiveSuffixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
            }
            return result;
        }

        // At this point we are guaranteed a nonnegative finite
        // number.
        synchronized(digitList) {
            digitList.set(number, useExponentialNotation ?
                      getMaximumIntegerDigits() + getMaximumFractionDigits() :
                      getMaximumFractionDigits(),
                      !useExponentialNotation);

            return subformat(result, delegate, isNegative, false);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Format a long to produce a string.
     * @param number    The long to format
     * @param result    where the text is to be appended
     * @param fieldPosition    On input: an alignment field, if desired.
     * On output: the offsets of the alignment field.
     * @return The formatted number string
     * @see java.text.FieldPosition
     */
    public StringBuffer format(long number, StringBuffer result,
                               FieldPosition fieldPosition)
    {
        fieldPosition.setBeginIndex(0);
        fieldPosition.setEndIndex(0);

        return format(number, result, fieldPosition.getFieldDelegate());
    }


    /**
     * Format a long to produce a string.
     * @param number    The long to format
     * @param result    where the text is to be appended
     * @param delegate notified of locations of sub fields
     * @return The formatted number string
     * @see java.text.FieldPosition
     */
    private StringBuffer format(long number, StringBuffer result,
                               FieldDelegate delegate) {
        boolean isNegative = (number < 0);
        if (isNegative) number = -number;

        // In general, long values always represent real finite numbers, so
        // we don't have to check for +/- Infinity or NaN.  However, there
        // is one case we have to be careful of:  The multiplier can push
        // a number near MIN_VALUE or MAX_VALUE outside the legal range.  We
        // check for this before multiplying, and if it happens we use doubles
        // instead, trading off accuracy for range.
        if (multiplier != 1 && multiplier != 0)
        {
            boolean useDouble = false;

            if (number < 0) // This can only happen if number == Long.MIN_VALUE
            {
                long cutoff = Long.MIN_VALUE / multiplier;
                useDouble = (number < cutoff);
            }
            else
            {
                long cutoff = Long.MAX_VALUE / multiplier;
                useDouble = (number > cutoff);
            }

            if (useDouble)
            {
                double dnumber = (double)(isNegative ? -number : number);
                return format(dnumber, result, delegate);
            }
        }

        number *= multiplier;
        synchronized(digitList) {
            digitList.set(number, useExponentialNotation ?
                      getMaximumIntegerDigits() + getMaximumFractionDigits() : 0);

            return subformat(result, delegate, isNegative, true);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Formats an Object producing an <code>AttributedCharacterIterator</code>.
     * You can use the returned <code>AttributedCharacterIterator</code>
     * to build the resulting String, as well as to determine information
     * about the resulting String.
     * <p>
     * Each attribute key of the AttributedCharacterIterator will be of type
     * <code>NumberFormat.Field</code>, with the attribute value being the
     * same as the attribute key.
     *
     * @exception NullPointerException if obj is null.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException when the Format cannot format the
     *            given object.
     * @param obj The object to format
     * @return AttributedCharacterIterator describing the formatted value.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public AttributedCharacterIterator formatToCharacterIterator(Object obj) {
        CharacterIteratorFieldDelegate delegate =
                         new CharacterIteratorFieldDelegate();
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

        if (obj instanceof Long ||
            (obj instanceof BigInteger &&
             ((BigInteger)obj).bitLength() < 64)) {
            format(((Number)obj).longValue(), sb, delegate);
        }
        else if (obj == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException(
                   "formatToCharacterIterator must be passed non-null object");
        }
        else if (obj instanceof Number) {
            format(((Number)obj).doubleValue(), sb, delegate);
        }
        else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                            "Cannot format given Object as a Number");
        }
        return delegate.getIterator(sb.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Complete the formatting of a finite number.  On entry, the digitList must
     * be filled in with the correct digits.
     */
    private StringBuffer subformat(StringBuffer result, FieldDelegate delegate,
                   boolean isNegative, boolean isInteger)
    {
        // NOTE: This isn't required anymore because DigitList takes care of this.
        //
        //  // The negative of the exponent represents the number of leading
        //  // zeros between the decimal and the first non-zero digit, for
        //  // a value < 0.1 (e.g., for 0.00123, -fExponent == 2).  If this
        //  // is more than the maximum fraction digits, then we have an underflow
        //  // for the printed representation.  We recognize this here and set
        //  // the DigitList representation to zero in this situation.
        //
        //  if (-digitList.decimalAt >= getMaximumFractionDigits())
        //  {
        //      digitList.count = 0;
        //  }

        char zero = symbols.getZeroDigit();
        int zeroDelta = zero - '0'; // '0' is the DigitList representation of zero
        char grouping = symbols.getGroupingSeparator();
        char decimal = isCurrencyFormat ?
            symbols.getMonetaryDecimalSeparator() :
            symbols.getDecimalSeparator();

        /* Per bug 4147706, DecimalFormat must respect the sign of numbers which
         * format as zero.  This allows sensible computations and preserves
         * relations such as signum(1/x) = signum(x), where x is +Infinity or
         * -Infinity.  Prior to this fix, we always formatted zero values as if
         * they were positive.  Liu 7/6/98.
         */
        if (digitList.isZero())
        {
            digitList.decimalAt = 0; // Normalize
        }

        int fieldStart = result.length();

        if (isNegative) {
            append(result, negativePrefix, delegate,
                   getNegativePrefixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
        }
        else {
            append(result, positivePrefix, delegate,
                   getPositivePrefixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
        }

        if (useExponentialNotation)
        {
            int iFieldStart = result.length();
            int iFieldEnd = -1;
            int fFieldStart = -1;

            // Minimum integer digits are handled in exponential format by
            // adjusting the exponent.  For example, 0.01234 with 3 minimum
            // integer digits is "123.4E-4".

            // Maximum integer digits are interpreted as indicating the
            // repeating range.  This is useful for engineering notation, in
            // which the exponent is restricted to a multiple of 3.  For
            // example, 0.01234 with 3 maximum integer digits is "12.34e-3".
            // If maximum integer digits are > 1 and are larger than
            // minimum integer digits, then minimum integer digits are
            // ignored.
            int exponent = digitList.decimalAt;
            int repeat = getMaximumIntegerDigits();
            int minimumIntegerDigits = getMinimumIntegerDigits();
            if (repeat > 1 && repeat > minimumIntegerDigits) {
                // A repeating range is defined; adjust to it as follows.
                // If repeat == 3, we have 6,5,4=>3; 3,2,1=>0; 0,-1,-2=>-3;
                // -3,-4,-5=>-6, etc. This takes into account that the
                // exponent we have here is off by one from what we expect;
                // it is for the format 0.MMMMMx10^n.
                if (exponent >= 1) {
                    exponent = ((exponent - 1) / repeat) * repeat;
                } else {
                    // integer division rounds towards 0
                    exponent = ((exponent - repeat) / repeat) * repeat;
                }
                minimumIntegerDigits = 1;
            }
            else
            {
                // No repeating range is defined; use minimum integer digits.
                exponent -= minimumIntegerDigits;
            }

            // We now output a minimum number of digits, and more if there
            // are more digits, up to the maximum number of digits.  We
            // place the decimal point after the "integer" digits, which
            // are the first (decimalAt - exponent) digits.
            int minimumDigits = getMinimumIntegerDigits()
                                + getMinimumFractionDigits();
            // The number of integer digits is handled specially if the number
            // is zero, since then there may be no digits.
            int integerDigits = digitList.isZero() ? minimumIntegerDigits :
                    digitList.decimalAt - exponent;
            if (minimumDigits < integerDigits) {
                minimumDigits = integerDigits;
            }
            int totalDigits = digitList.count;
            if (minimumDigits > totalDigits) totalDigits = minimumDigits;
            boolean addedDecimalSeparator = false;

            for (int i=0; i<totalDigits; ++i)
            {
                if (i == integerDigits)
                {
                    // Record field information for caller.
                    iFieldEnd = result.length();

                    result.append(decimal);
                    addedDecimalSeparator = true;

                    // Record field information for caller.
                    fFieldStart = result.length();

                }
                result.append((i < digitList.count) ?
                          (char)(digitList.digits[i] + zeroDelta) :
                          zero);
            }

            // Record field information
            if (iFieldEnd == -1) {
                iFieldEnd = result.length();
            }
            delegate.formatted(INTEGER_FIELD, Field.INTEGER, Field.INTEGER,
                               iFieldStart, iFieldEnd, result);
            if (addedDecimalSeparator) {
                delegate.formatted(Field.DECIMAL_SEPARATOR,
                                   Field.DECIMAL_SEPARATOR,
                                   iFieldEnd, fFieldStart, result);
            }
            if (fFieldStart == -1) {
                fFieldStart = result.length();
            }
            delegate.formatted(FRACTION_FIELD, Field.FRACTION, Field.FRACTION,
                               fFieldStart, result.length(), result);

            // The exponent is output using the pattern-specified minimum
            // exponent digits.  There is no maximum limit to the exponent
            // digits, since truncating the exponent would result in an
            // unacceptable inaccuracy.
            fieldStart = result.length();

            result.append(symbols.getExponentialSymbol());

            delegate.formatted(Field.EXPONENT_SYMBOL, Field.EXPONENT_SYMBOL,
                               fieldStart, result.length(), result);

            // For zero values, we force the exponent to zero.  We
            // must do this here, and not earlier, because the value
            // is used to determine integer digit count above.
            if (digitList.isZero()) exponent = 0;

            boolean negativeExponent = exponent < 0;
            if (negativeExponent) {
                exponent = -exponent;
                append(result, negativePrefix, delegate,
                       getNegativePrefixFieldPositions(), Field.EXPONENT_SIGN);
            }
            else {
                append(result, positivePrefix, delegate,
                       getPositivePrefixFieldPositions(), Field.EXPONENT_SIGN);
            }
            digitList.set(exponent);

            int eFieldStart = result.length();

            for (int i=digitList.decimalAt; i<minExponentDigits; ++i) result.append(zero);
            for (int i=0; i<digitList.decimalAt; ++i)
            {
                result.append((i < digitList.count) ?
                          (char)(digitList.digits[i] + zeroDelta) : zero);
            }
            delegate.formatted(Field.EXPONENT, Field.EXPONENT, eFieldStart,
                               result.length(), result);
            fieldStart = result.length();
            if (negativeExponent) {
                append(result, negativeSuffix, delegate,
                       getNegativeSuffixFieldPositions(), Field.EXPONENT_SIGN);
            }
            else {
                append(result, positiveSuffix, delegate,
                       getPositiveSuffixFieldPositions(), Field.EXPONENT_SIGN);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            int iFieldStart = result.length();

            // Output the integer portion.  Here 'count' is the total
            // number of integer digits we will display, including both
            // leading zeros required to satisfy getMinimumIntegerDigits,
            // and actual digits present in the number.
            int count = getMinimumIntegerDigits();
            int digitIndex = 0; // Index into digitList.fDigits[]
            if (digitList.decimalAt > 0 && count < digitList.decimalAt)
                count = digitList.decimalAt;

            // Handle the case where getMaximumIntegerDigits() is smaller
            // than the real number of integer digits.  If this is so, we
            // output the least significant max integer digits.  For example,
            // the value 1997 printed with 2 max integer digits is just "97".

            if (count > getMaximumIntegerDigits())
            {
                count = getMaximumIntegerDigits();
                digitIndex = digitList.decimalAt - count;
            }

            int sizeBeforeIntegerPart = result.length();
            for (int i=count-1; i>=0; --i)
            {
                if (i < digitList.decimalAt && digitIndex < digitList.count)
                {
                    // Output a real digit
                    result.append((char)(digitList.digits[digitIndex++] + zeroDelta));
                }
                else
                {
                    // Output a leading zero
                    result.append(zero);
                }

                // Output grouping separator if necessary.  Don't output a
                // grouping separator if i==0 though; that's at the end of
                // the integer part.
                if (isGroupingUsed() && i>0 && (groupingSize != 0) && (i % groupingSize == 0))
                {
                    int gStart = result.length();
                    result.append(grouping);
                    delegate.formatted(Field.GROUPING_SEPARATOR,
                                       Field.GROUPING_SEPARATOR, gStart,
                                       result.length(), result);
                }
            }

            // Determine whether or not there are any printable fractional
            // digits.  If we've used up the digits we know there aren't.
            boolean fractionPresent = (getMinimumFractionDigits() > 0) ||
            (!isInteger && digitIndex < digitList.count);

            // If there is no fraction present, and we haven't printed any
            // integer digits, then print a zero.  Otherwise we won't print
            // _any_ digits, and we won't be able to parse this string.
            if (!fractionPresent && result.length() == sizeBeforeIntegerPart) {
                result.append(zero);
            }

            delegate.formatted(INTEGER_FIELD, Field.INTEGER, Field.INTEGER,
                               iFieldStart, result.length(), result);

            // Output the decimal separator if we always do so.
            int sStart = result.length();
            if (decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown || fractionPresent)
                result.append(decimal);

            if (sStart != result.length()) {
                delegate.formatted(Field.DECIMAL_SEPARATOR,
                                   Field.DECIMAL_SEPARATOR,
                                   sStart, result.length(), result);
            }
            int fFieldStart = result.length();

            for (int i=0; i < getMaximumFractionDigits(); ++i)
            {
                // Here is where we escape from the loop.  We escape if we've output
                // the maximum fraction digits (specified in the for expression above).
                // We also stop when we've output the minimum digits and either:
                // we have an integer, so there is no fractional stuff to display,
                // or we're out of significant digits.
                if (i >= getMinimumFractionDigits() &&
                    (isInteger || digitIndex >= digitList.count))
                    break;

                // Output leading fractional zeros.  These are zeros that come after
                // the decimal but before any significant digits.  These are only
                // output if abs(number being formatted) < 1.0.
                if (-1-i > (digitList.decimalAt-1))
                {
                    result.append(zero);
                    continue;
                }

                // Output a digit, if we have any precision left, or a
                // zero if we don't.  We don't want to output noise digits.
                if (!isInteger && digitIndex < digitList.count)
                {
                    result.append((char)(digitList.digits[digitIndex++] + zeroDelta));
                }
                else
                {
                    result.append(zero);
                }
            }

            // Record field information for caller.
            delegate.formatted(FRACTION_FIELD, Field.FRACTION, Field.FRACTION,
                               fFieldStart, result.length(), result);
        }

        if (isNegative) {
            append(result, negativeSuffix, delegate,
                   getNegativeSuffixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
        }
        else {
            append(result, positiveSuffix, delegate,
                   getPositiveSuffixFieldPositions(), Field.SIGN);
        }

        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the String <code>string</code> to <code>result</code>.
     * <code>delegate</code> is notified of all  the
     * <code>FieldPosition</code>s in <code>positions</code>.
     * <p>
     * If one of the <code>FieldPosition</code>s in <code>positions</code>
     * identifies a <code>SIGN</code> attribute, it is mapped to
     * <code>signAttribute</code>. This is used
     * to map the <code>SIGN</code> attribute to the <code>EXPONENT</code>
     * attribute as necessary.
     * <p>
     * This is used by <code>subformat</code> to add the prefix/suffix.
     */
    private void append(StringBuffer result, String string,
                        FieldDelegate delegate,
                        FieldPosition[] positions,
                        Format.Field signAttribute) {
        int start = result.length();

        if (string.length() > 0) {
            result.append(string);
            for (int counter = 0, max = positions.length; counter < max;
                 counter++) {
                FieldPosition fp = positions[counter];
                Format.Field attribute = fp.getFieldAttribute();

                if (attribute == Field.SIGN) {
                    attribute = signAttribute;
                }
                delegate.formatted(attribute, attribute,
                                   start + fp.getBeginIndex(),
                                   start + fp.getEndIndex(), result);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Parses text from a string to produce a <code>Number</code>.
     * <p>
     * The method attempts to parse text starting at the index given by
     * <code>pos</code>.
     * If parsing succeeds, then the index of <code>pos</code> is updated
     * to the index after the last character used (parsing does not necessarily
     * use all characters up to the end of the string), and the parsed
     * number is returned. The updated <code>pos</code> can be used to
     * indicate the starting point for the next call to this method.
     * If an error occurs, then the index of <code>pos</code> is not
     * changed, the error index of <code>pos</code> is set to the index of
     * the character where the error occurred, and null is returned.
     * <p>
     * The most economical subclass that can represent the number given by the
     * string is chosen. Most integer values are returned as <code>Long</code>
     * objects, no matter how they are written: <code>"17"</code> and
     * <code>"17.000"</code> both parse to <code>Long(17)</code>. Values that
     * cannot fit into a <code>Long</code> are returned as
     * <code>Double</code>s. This includes values with a fractional part,
     * infinite values, <code>NaN</code>, and the value -0.0.
     * <code>DecimalFormat</code> does <em>not</em> decide whether to return
     * a <code>Double</code> or a <code>Long</code> based on the presence of a
     * decimal separator in the source string. Doing so would prevent integers
     * that overflow the mantissa of a double, such as
     * <code>"10,000,000,000,000,000.00"</code>, from being parsed accurately.
     * Currently, the only classes that <code>parse</code> returns are
     * <code>Long</code> and <code>Double</code>, but callers should not rely
     * on this. Callers may use the <code>Number</code> methods
     * <code>doubleValue</code>, <code>longValue</code>, etc., to obtain the
     * type they want.
     * <p>
     * <code>DecimalFormat</code> parses all Unicode characters that represent
     * decimal digits, as defined by <code>Character.digit()</code>. In
     * addition, <code>DecimalFormat</code> also recognizes as digits the ten
     * consecutive characters starting with the localized zero digit defined in
     * the <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object.
     *
     * @param text the string to be parsed
     * @param pos A <code>ParsePosition</code> object with index and error
     *            index information as described above.
     * @return the parsed value, or <code>null</code> if the parse fails
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>text</code> or
     *            <code>pos</code> is null.
     */
    public Number parse(String text, ParsePosition pos)
    {
        // special case NaN
        if (text.regionMatches(pos.index, symbols.getNaN(),
                   0, symbols.getNaN().length())) {
            pos.index = pos.index + symbols.getNaN().length();
            return new Double(Double.NaN);
        }

        boolean[] status = new boolean[STATUS_LENGTH];

        if (!subparse(text, pos, digitList, false, status))
            return null;

        double  doubleResult = 0.0;
        long    longResult = 0;
        boolean gotDouble = true;

        // Finally, have DigitList parse the digits into a value.
        if (status[STATUS_INFINITE])
        {
            doubleResult = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
        }
        else if (digitList.fitsIntoLong(status[STATUS_POSITIVE], isParseIntegerOnly()))
        {
            gotDouble = false;
            longResult = digitList.getLong();
        }
        else doubleResult = digitList.getDouble();

        // Divide by multiplier. We have to be careful here not to do unneeded
        // conversions between double and long.
        if (multiplier != 1)
        {
            if (gotDouble)
                doubleResult /= multiplier;
            else {
                // Avoid converting to double if we can
                if (longResult % multiplier == 0) {
                    longResult /= multiplier;
                } else {
                    doubleResult = ((double)longResult) / multiplier;
                    if (doubleResult < 0) doubleResult = -doubleResult;
                    gotDouble = true;
                }
            }
        }

        if (!status[STATUS_POSITIVE])
        {
            doubleResult = -doubleResult;
            // If longResult was Long.MIN_VALUE or a divisor of it (if
            // multiplier != 1) then don't negate it.
            if (longResult > 0) {
                longResult = -longResult;
            }
        }

        // At this point, if we divided the result by the multiplier, the result may
        // fit into a long.  We check for this case and return a long if possible.
        // We must do this AFTER applying the negative (if appropriate) in order to
        // handle the case of LONG_MIN; otherwise, if we do this with a positive value
        // -LONG_MIN, the double is > 0, but the long is < 0.  This is a C++-specific
        // situation.  We also must retain a double in the case of -0.0, which will
        // compare as == to a long 0 cast to a double (bug 4162852).
        if (multiplier != 1 && gotDouble)
        {
            longResult = (long)doubleResult;
            gotDouble = (doubleResult != (double)longResult)
                || (doubleResult == 0.0 && !status[STATUS_POSITIVE] && !isParseIntegerOnly());
        }

        return gotDouble ? (Number)new Double(doubleResult) : (Number)new Long(longResult);
    }

    private static final int STATUS_INFINITE = 0;
    private static final int STATUS_POSITIVE = 1;
    private static final int STATUS_LENGTH   = 2;

    /**
     * Parse the given text into a number.  The text is parsed beginning at
     * parsePosition, until an unparseable character is seen.
     * @param text The string to parse.
     * @param parsePosition The position at which to being parsing.  Upon
     * return, the first unparseable character.
     * @param digits The DigitList to set to the parsed value.
     * @param isExponent If true, parse an exponent.  This means no
     * infinite values and integer only.
     * @param status Upon return contains boolean status flags indicating
     * whether the value was infinite and whether it was positive.
     */
    private final boolean subparse(String text, ParsePosition parsePosition,
                   DigitList digits, boolean isExponent,
                   boolean status[])
    {
        int position = parsePosition.index;
        int oldStart = parsePosition.index;
        int backup;

        // check for positivePrefix; take longest
        boolean gotPositive = text.regionMatches(position,positivePrefix,0,
                                                 positivePrefix.length());
        boolean gotNegative = text.regionMatches(position,negativePrefix,0,
                                                 negativePrefix.length());
        if (gotPositive && gotNegative) {
            if (positivePrefix.length() > negativePrefix.length())
                gotNegative = false;
            else if (positivePrefix.length() < negativePrefix.length())
                gotPositive = false;
        }
        if (gotPositive) {
            position += positivePrefix.length();
        } else if (gotNegative) {
            position += negativePrefix.length();
        } else {
            parsePosition.errorIndex = position;
            return false;
        }
        // process digits or Inf, find decimal position
        status[STATUS_INFINITE] = false;
        if (!isExponent && text.regionMatches(position,symbols.getInfinity(),0,
                          symbols.getInfinity().length()))
        {
            position += symbols.getInfinity().length();
            status[STATUS_INFINITE] = true;
        } else {
            // We now have a string of digits, possibly with grouping symbols,
            // and decimal points.  We want to process these into a DigitList.
            // We don't want to put a bunch of leading zeros into the DigitList
            // though, so we keep track of the location of the decimal point,
            // put only significant digits into the DigitList, and adjust the
            // exponent as needed.

            digits.decimalAt = digits.count = 0;
            char zero = symbols.getZeroDigit();
            char decimal = isCurrencyFormat ?
            symbols.getMonetaryDecimalSeparator() : symbols.getDecimalSeparator();
            char grouping = symbols.getGroupingSeparator();
            char exponentChar = symbols.getExponentialSymbol();
            boolean sawDecimal = false;
            boolean sawExponent = false;
            boolean sawDigit = false;
            int exponent = 0; // Set to the exponent value, if any

            // We have to track digitCount ourselves, because digits.count will
            // pin when the maximum allowable digits is reached.
            int digitCount = 0;

            backup = -1;
            for (; position < text.length(); ++position)
            {
                char ch = text.charAt(position);

                /* We recognize all digit ranges, not only the Latin digit range
                 * '0'..'9'.  We do so by using the Character.digit() method,
                 * which converts a valid Unicode digit to the range 0..9.
                 *
                 * The character 'ch' may be a digit.  If so, place its value
                 * from 0 to 9 in 'digit'.  First try using the locale digit,
                 * which may or MAY NOT be a standard Unicode digit range.  If
                 * this fails, try using the standard Unicode digit ranges by
                 * calling Character.digit().  If this also fails, digit will
                 * have a value outside the range 0..9.
                 */
                int digit = ch - zero;
                if (digit < 0 || digit > 9) digit = Character.digit(ch, 10);

                if (digit == 0)
                {
                    // Cancel out backup setting (see grouping handler below)
                    backup = -1; // Do this BEFORE continue statement below!!!
                    sawDigit = true;

                    // Handle leading zeros
                    if (digits.count == 0)
                    {
                        // Ignore leading zeros in integer part of number.
                        if (!sawDecimal) continue;

                        // If we have seen the decimal, but no significant digits yet,
                        // then we account for leading zeros by decrementing the
                        // digits.decimalAt into negative values.
                        --digits.decimalAt;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ++digitCount;
                        digits.append((char)(digit + '0'));
                    }
                }
                else if (digit > 0 && digit <= 9) // [sic] digit==0 handled above
                {
                    sawDigit = true;
                    ++digitCount;
                    digits.append((char)(digit + '0'));

                    // Cancel out backup setting (see grouping handler below)
                    backup = -1;
                }
                else if (!isExponent && ch == decimal)
                {
                    // If we're only parsing integers, or if we ALREADY saw the
                    // decimal, then don't parse this one.
                    if (isParseIntegerOnly() || sawDecimal) break;
                    digits.decimalAt = digitCount; // Not digits.count!
                    sawDecimal = true;
                }
                else if (!isExponent && ch == grouping && isGroupingUsed())
                {
                    if (sawDecimal) {
                        break;
                    }
                    // Ignore grouping characters, if we are using them, but require
                    // that they be followed by a digit.  Otherwise we backup and
                    // reprocess them.
                    backup = position;
                }
                else if (!isExponent && ch == exponentChar && !sawExponent)
                {
                    // Process the exponent by recursively calling this method.
                    ParsePosition pos = new ParsePosition(position + 1);
                    boolean[] stat = new boolean[STATUS_LENGTH];
                    DigitList exponentDigits = new DigitList();

                    if (subparse(text, pos, exponentDigits, true, stat) &&
                    exponentDigits.fitsIntoLong(stat[STATUS_POSITIVE], true))
                    {
                    position = pos.index; // Advance past the exponent
                    exponent = (int)exponentDigits.getLong();
                    if (!stat[STATUS_POSITIVE]) exponent = -exponent;
                    sawExponent = true;
                    }
                    break; // Whether we fail or succeed, we exit this loop
                }
                else break;
            }

            if (backup != -1) position = backup;

            // If there was no decimal point we have an integer
            if (!sawDecimal) digits.decimalAt = digitCount; // Not digits.count!

            // Adjust for exponent, if any
            digits.decimalAt += exponent;

            // If none of the text string was recognized.  For example, parse
            // "x" with pattern "#0.00" (return index and error index both 0)
            // parse "$" with pattern "$#0.00". (return index 0 and error index
            // 1).
            if (!sawDigit && digitCount == 0) {
                parsePosition.index = oldStart;
                parsePosition.errorIndex = oldStart;
                return false;
            }
        }

        // check for positiveSuffix
        if (gotPositive)
            gotPositive = text.regionMatches(position,positiveSuffix,0,
                                             positiveSuffix.length());
        if (gotNegative)
            gotNegative = text.regionMatches(position,negativeSuffix,0,
                                             negativeSuffix.length());

        // if both match, take longest
        if (gotPositive && gotNegative) {
            if (positiveSuffix.length() > negativeSuffix.length())
                gotNegative = false;
            else if (positiveSuffix.length() < negativeSuffix.length())
                gotPositive = false;
        }

        // fail if neither or both
        if (gotPositive == gotNegative) {
            parsePosition.errorIndex = position;
            return false;
        }

        parsePosition.index = position +
            (gotPositive ? positiveSuffix.length() : negativeSuffix.length()); // mark success!

        status[STATUS_POSITIVE] = gotPositive;
        if (parsePosition.index == oldStart) {
            parsePosition.errorIndex = position;
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the decimal format symbols, which is generally not changed
     * by the programmer or user.
     * @return desired DecimalFormatSymbols
     * @see java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols
     */
    public DecimalFormatSymbols getDecimalFormatSymbols() {
        try {
            // don't allow multiple references
            return (DecimalFormatSymbols) symbols.clone();
        } catch (Exception foo) {
            return null; // should never happen
        }
    }


    /**
     * Sets the decimal format symbols, which is generally not changed
     * by the programmer or user.
     * @param newSymbols desired DecimalFormatSymbols
     * @see java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols
     */
    public void setDecimalFormatSymbols(DecimalFormatSymbols newSymbols) {
        try {
            // don't allow multiple references
            symbols = (DecimalFormatSymbols) newSymbols.clone();
            expandAffixes();
        } catch (Exception foo) {
            // should never happen
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the positive prefix.
     * <P>Examples: +123, $123, sFr123
     */
    public String getPositivePrefix () {
        return positivePrefix;
    }

    /**
     * Set the positive prefix.
     * <P>Examples: +123, $123, sFr123
     */
    public void setPositivePrefix (String newValue) {
        positivePrefix = newValue;
        posPrefixPattern = null;
        positivePrefixFieldPositions = null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the FieldPositions of the fields in the prefix used for
     * positive numbers. This is not used if the user has explicitly set
     * a positive prefix via <code>setPositivePrefix</code>. This is
     * lazily created.
     *
     * @return FieldPositions in positive prefix
     */
    private FieldPosition[] getPositivePrefixFieldPositions() {
        if (positivePrefixFieldPositions == null) {
            if (posPrefixPattern != null) {
                positivePrefixFieldPositions = expandAffix(posPrefixPattern);
            }
            else {
                positivePrefixFieldPositions = EmptyFieldPositionArray;
            }
        }
        return positivePrefixFieldPositions;
    }

    /**
     * Get the negative prefix.
     * <P>Examples: -123, ($123) (with negative suffix), sFr-123
     */
    public String getNegativePrefix () {
        return negativePrefix;
    }

    /**
     * Set the negative prefix.
     * <P>Examples: -123, ($123) (with negative suffix), sFr-123
     */
    public void setNegativePrefix (String newValue) {
        negativePrefix = newValue;
        negPrefixPattern = null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the FieldPositions of the fields in the prefix used for
     * negative numbers. This is not used if the user has explicitly set
     * a negative prefix via <code>setNegativePrefix</code>. This is
     * lazily created.
     *
     * @return FieldPositions in positive prefix
     */
    private FieldPosition[] getNegativePrefixFieldPositions() {
        if (negativePrefixFieldPositions == null) {
            if (negPrefixPattern != null) {
                negativePrefixFieldPositions = expandAffix(negPrefixPattern);
            }
            else {
                negativePrefixFieldPositions = EmptyFieldPositionArray;
            }
        }
        return negativePrefixFieldPositions;
    }

    /**
     * Get the positive suffix.
     * <P>Example: 123%
     */
    public String getPositiveSuffix () {
        return positiveSuffix;
    }

    /**
     * Set the positive suffix.
     * <P>Example: 123%
     */
    public void setPositiveSuffix (String newValue) {
        positiveSuffix = newValue;
        posSuffixPattern = null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the FieldPositions of the fields in the suffix used for
     * positive numbers. This is not used if the user has explicitly set
     * a positive suffix via <code>setPositiveSuffix</code>. This is
     * lazily created.
     *
     * @return FieldPositions in positive prefix
     */
    private FieldPosition[] getPositiveSuffixFieldPositions() {
        if (positiveSuffixFieldPositions == null) {
            if (posSuffixPattern != null) {
                positiveSuffixFieldPositions = expandAffix(posSuffixPattern);
            }
            else {
                positiveSuffixFieldPositions = EmptyFieldPositionArray;
            }
        }
        return positiveSuffixFieldPositions;
    }

    /**
     * Get the negative suffix.
     * <P>Examples: -123%, ($123) (with positive suffixes)
     */
    public String getNegativeSuffix () {
        return negativeSuffix;
    }

    /**
     * Set the positive suffix.
     * <P>Examples: 123%
     */
    public void setNegativeSuffix (String newValue) {
        negativeSuffix = newValue;
        negSuffixPattern = null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the FieldPositions of the fields in the suffix used for
     * negative numbers. This is not used if the user has explicitly set
     * a negative suffix via <code>setNegativeSuffix</code>. This is
     * lazily created.
     *
     * @return FieldPositions in positive prefix
     */
    private FieldPosition[] getNegativeSuffixFieldPositions() {
        if (negativeSuffixFieldPositions == null) {
            if (negSuffixPattern != null) {
                negativeSuffixFieldPositions = expandAffix(negSuffixPattern);
            }
            else {
                negativeSuffixFieldPositions = EmptyFieldPositionArray;
            }
        }
        return negativeSuffixFieldPositions;
    }

    /**
     * Get the multiplier for use in percent, permill, etc.
     * For a percentage, set the suffixes to have "%" and the multiplier to be 100.
     * (For Arabic, use arabic percent symbol).
     * For a permill, set the suffixes to have "\u2031" and the multiplier to be 1000.
     * <P>Examples: with 100, 1.23 -> "123", and "123" -> 1.23
     */
    public int getMultiplier () {
        return multiplier;
    }

    /**
     * Set the multiplier for use in percent, permill, etc.
     * For a percentage, set the suffixes to have "%" and the multiplier to be 100.
     * (For Arabic, use arabic percent symbol).
     * For a permill, set the suffixes to have "\u2031" and the multiplier to be 1000.
     * <P>Examples: with 100, 1.23 -> "123", and "123" -> 1.23
     */
    public void setMultiplier (int newValue) {
        multiplier = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Return the grouping size. Grouping size is the number of digits between
     * grouping separators in the integer portion of a number.  For example,
     * in the number "123,456.78", the grouping size is 3.
     * @see #setGroupingSize
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#isGroupingUsed
     * @see java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#getGroupingSeparator
     */
    public int getGroupingSize () {
        return groupingSize;
    }

    /**
     * Set the grouping size. Grouping size is the number of digits between
     * grouping separators in the integer portion of a number.  For example,
     * in the number "123,456.78", the grouping size is 3.
     * @see #getGroupingSize
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#setGroupingUsed
     * @see java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols#setGroupingSeparator
     */
    public void setGroupingSize (int newValue) {
        groupingSize = (byte)newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Allows you to get the behavior of the decimal separator with integers.
     * (The decimal separator will always appear with decimals.)
     * <P>Example: Decimal ON: 12345 -> 12345.; OFF: 12345 -> 12345
     */
    public boolean isDecimalSeparatorAlwaysShown() {
        return decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown;
    }

    /**
     * Allows you to set the behavior of the decimal separator with integers.
     * (The decimal separator will always appear with decimals.)
     * <P>Example: Decimal ON: 12345 -> 12345.; OFF: 12345 -> 12345
     */
    public void setDecimalSeparatorAlwaysShown(boolean newValue) {
        decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown = newValue;
    }

    /**
     * Standard override; no change in semantics.
     */
    public Object clone() {
        try {
            DecimalFormat other = (DecimalFormat) super.clone();
            other.symbols = (DecimalFormatSymbols) symbols.clone();
	    other.digitList = (DigitList) digitList.clone();
            return other;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new InternalError();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Overrides equals
     */
    public boolean equals(Object obj)
    {
        if (obj == null) return false;
        if (!super.equals(obj)) return false; // super does class check
        DecimalFormat other = (DecimalFormat) obj;
        return ((posPrefixPattern == other.posPrefixPattern &&
                 positivePrefix.equals(other.positivePrefix))
                || (posPrefixPattern != null &&
                    posPrefixPattern.equals(other.posPrefixPattern)))
            && ((posSuffixPattern == other.posSuffixPattern &&
                 positiveSuffix.equals(other.positiveSuffix))
                || (posSuffixPattern != null &&
                    posSuffixPattern.equals(other.posSuffixPattern)))
            && ((negPrefixPattern == other.negPrefixPattern &&
                 negativePrefix.equals(other.negativePrefix))
                || (negPrefixPattern != null &&
                    negPrefixPattern.equals(other.negPrefixPattern)))
            && ((negSuffixPattern == other.negSuffixPattern &&
                 negativeSuffix.equals(other.negativeSuffix))
                || (negSuffixPattern != null &&
                    negSuffixPattern.equals(other.negSuffixPattern)))
            && multiplier == other.multiplier
            && groupingSize == other.groupingSize
            && decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown == other.decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown
            && useExponentialNotation == other.useExponentialNotation
            && (!useExponentialNotation ||
                minExponentDigits == other.minExponentDigits)
            && symbols.equals(other.symbols);
    }

    /**
     * Overrides hashCode
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        return super.hashCode() * 37 + positivePrefix.hashCode();
        // just enough fields for a reasonable distribution
    }

    /**
     * Synthesizes a pattern string that represents the current state
     * of this Format object.
     * @see #applyPattern
     */
    public String toPattern() {
        return toPattern( false );
    }

    /**
     * Synthesizes a localized pattern string that represents the current
     * state of this Format object.
     * @see #applyPattern
     */
    public String toLocalizedPattern() {
        return toPattern( true );
    }

    /**
     * Expand the affix pattern strings into the expanded affix strings.  If any
     * affix pattern string is null, do not expand it.  This method should be
     * called any time the symbols or the affix patterns change in order to keep
     * the expanded affix strings up to date.
     */
    private void expandAffixes() {
        // Reuse one StringBuffer for better performance
        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
        if (posPrefixPattern != null) {
            positivePrefix = expandAffix(posPrefixPattern, buffer);
            positivePrefixFieldPositions = null;
        }
        if (posSuffixPattern != null) {
            positiveSuffix = expandAffix(posSuffixPattern, buffer);
            positiveSuffixFieldPositions = null;
        }
        if (negPrefixPattern != null) {
            negativePrefix = expandAffix(negPrefixPattern, buffer);
            negativePrefixFieldPositions = null;
        }
        if (negSuffixPattern != null) {
            negativeSuffix = expandAffix(negSuffixPattern, buffer);
            negativeSuffixFieldPositions = null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Expand an affix pattern into an affix string.  All characters in the
     * pattern are literal unless prefixed by QUOTE.  The following characters
     * after QUOTE are recognized: PATTERN_PERCENT, PATTERN_PER_MILLE,
     * PATTERN_MINUS, and CURRENCY_SIGN.  If CURRENCY_SIGN is doubled (QUOTE +
     * CURRENCY_SIGN + CURRENCY_SIGN), it is interpreted as an ISO 4217
     * currency code.  Any other character after a QUOTE represents itself.
     * QUOTE must be followed by another character; QUOTE may not occur by
     * itself at the end of the pattern.
     *
     * @param pattern the non-null, possibly empty pattern
     * @param buffer a scratch StringBuffer; its contents will be lost
     * @return the expanded equivalent of pattern
     */
    private String expandAffix(String pattern, StringBuffer buffer) {
        buffer.setLength(0);
        for (int i=0; i<pattern.length(); ) {
            char c = pattern.charAt(i++);
            if (c == QUOTE) {
                c = pattern.charAt(i++);
                switch (c) {
                case CURRENCY_SIGN:
                    if (i<pattern.length() &&
                        pattern.charAt(i) == CURRENCY_SIGN) {
                        ++i;
                        buffer.append(symbols.getInternationalCurrencySymbol());
                    } else {
                        buffer.append(symbols.getCurrencySymbol());
                    }
                    continue;
                case PATTERN_PERCENT:
                    c = symbols.getPercent();
                    break;
                case PATTERN_PER_MILLE:
                    c = symbols.getPerMill();
                    break;
                case PATTERN_MINUS:
                    c = symbols.getMinusSign();
                    break;
                }
            }
            buffer.append(c);
        }
        return buffer.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Expand an affix pattern into an array of FieldPositions describing
     * how the pattern would be expanded.
     * All characters in the
     * pattern are literal unless prefixed by QUOTE.  The following characters
     * after QUOTE are recognized: PATTERN_PERCENT, PATTERN_PER_MILLE,
     * PATTERN_MINUS, and CURRENCY_SIGN.  If CURRENCY_SIGN is doubled (QUOTE +
     * CURRENCY_SIGN + CURRENCY_SIGN), it is interpreted as an ISO 4217
     * currency code.  Any other character after a QUOTE represents itself.
     * QUOTE must be followed by another character; QUOTE may not occur by
     * itself at the end of the pattern.
     *
     * @param pattern the non-null, possibly empty pattern
     * @return FieldPosition array of the resulting fields.
     */
    private FieldPosition[] expandAffix(String pattern) {
        ArrayList positions = null;
        int stringIndex = 0;
        for (int i=0; i<pattern.length(); ) {
            char c = pattern.charAt(i++);
            if (c == QUOTE) {
                int field = -1;
                Format.Field fieldID = null;
                c = pattern.charAt(i++);
                switch (c) {
                case CURRENCY_SIGN:
                    String string;
                    if (i<pattern.length() &&
                        pattern.charAt(i) == CURRENCY_SIGN) {
                        ++i;
                        string = symbols.getInternationalCurrencySymbol();
                    } else {
                        string = symbols.getCurrencySymbol();
                    }
                    if (string.length() > 0) {
                        if (positions == null) {
                            positions = new ArrayList(2);
                        }
                        FieldPosition fp = new FieldPosition(Field.CURRENCY);
                        fp.setBeginIndex(stringIndex);
                        fp.setEndIndex(stringIndex + string.length());
                        positions.add(fp);
                        stringIndex += string.length();
                    }
                    continue;
                case PATTERN_PERCENT:
                    c = symbols.getPercent();
                    field = -1;
                    fieldID = Field.PERCENT;
                    break;
                case PATTERN_PER_MILLE:
                    c = symbols.getPerMill();
                    field = -1;
                    fieldID = Field.PERMILLE;
                    break;
                case PATTERN_MINUS:
                    c = symbols.getMinusSign();
                    field = -1;
                    fieldID = Field.SIGN;
                    break;
                }
                if (fieldID != null) {
                    if (positions == null) {
                        positions = new ArrayList(2);
                    }
                    FieldPosition fp = new FieldPosition(fieldID, field);
                    fp.setBeginIndex(stringIndex);
                    fp.setEndIndex(stringIndex + 1);
                    positions.add(fp);
                }
            }
            stringIndex++;
        }
        if (positions != null) {
            return (FieldPosition[])positions.toArray(EmptyFieldPositionArray);
        }
        return EmptyFieldPositionArray;
    }

    /**
     * Appends an affix pattern to the given StringBuffer, quoting special
     * characters as needed.  Uses the internal affix pattern, if that exists,
     * or the literal affix, if the internal affix pattern is null.  The
     * appended string will generate the same affix pattern (or literal affix)
     * when passed to toPattern().
     * 
     * @param buffer the affix string is appended to this
     * @param affixPattern a pattern such as posPrefixPattern; may be null
     * @param expAffix a corresponding expanded affix, such as positivePrefix.
     * Ignored unless affixPattern is null.  If affixPattern is null, then
     * expAffix is appended as a literal affix.
     * @param localized true if the appended pattern should contain localized
     * pattern characters; otherwise, non-localized pattern chars are appended
     */
    private void appendAffix(StringBuffer buffer, String affixPattern,
                             String expAffix, boolean localized) {
        if (affixPattern == null) {
            appendAffix(buffer, expAffix, localized);
        } else {
            int i;
            for (int pos=0; pos<affixPattern.length(); pos=i) {
                i = affixPattern.indexOf(QUOTE, pos);
                if (i < 0) {
                    appendAffix(buffer, affixPattern.substring(pos), localized);
                    break;
                }
                if (i > pos) {
                    appendAffix(buffer, affixPattern.substring(pos, i), localized);
                }
                char c = affixPattern.charAt(++i);
                ++i;
                if (c == QUOTE) {
                    buffer.append(c);
                    // Fall through and append another QUOTE below
                } else if (c == CURRENCY_SIGN &&
                           i<affixPattern.length() &&
                           affixPattern.charAt(i) == CURRENCY_SIGN) {
                    ++i;
                    buffer.append(c);
                    // Fall through and append another CURRENCY_SIGN below
                } else if (localized) {
                    switch (c) {
                    case PATTERN_PERCENT:
                        c = symbols.getPercent();
                        break;
                    case PATTERN_PER_MILLE:
                        c = symbols.getPerMill();
                        break;
                    case PATTERN_MINUS:
                        c = symbols.getMinusSign();
                        break;
                    }
                }
                buffer.append(c);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Append an affix to the given StringBuffer, using quotes if
     * there are special characters.  Single quotes themselves must be
     * escaped in either case.
     */
    private void appendAffix(StringBuffer buffer, String affix, boolean localized) {
        boolean needQuote;
        if (localized) {
            needQuote = affix.indexOf(symbols.getZeroDigit()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getGroupingSeparator()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getDecimalSeparator()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getPercent()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getPerMill()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getDigit()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getPatternSeparator()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(symbols.getMinusSign()) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(CURRENCY_SIGN) >= 0;
        }
        else {
            needQuote = affix.indexOf(PATTERN_ZERO_DIGIT) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_GROUPING_SEPARATOR) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_DECIMAL_SEPARATOR) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_PERCENT) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_PER_MILLE) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_DIGIT) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_SEPARATOR) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(PATTERN_MINUS) >= 0
                || affix.indexOf(CURRENCY_SIGN) >= 0;
        }
        if (needQuote) buffer.append('\'');
        if (affix.indexOf('\'') < 0) buffer.append(affix);
        else {
            for (int j=0; j<affix.length(); ++j) {
                char c = affix.charAt(j);
                buffer.append(c);
                if (c == '\'') buffer.append(c);
            }
        }
        if (needQuote) buffer.append('\'');
    }

    /**
     * Does the real work of generating a pattern.  */
    private String toPattern(boolean localized) {
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        for (int j = 1; j >= 0; --j) {
            if (j == 1)
                appendAffix(result, posPrefixPattern, positivePrefix, localized);
            else appendAffix(result, negPrefixPattern, negativePrefix, localized);
            int i;
            int digitCount = useExponentialNotation
                        ? getMaximumIntegerDigits()
                        : Math.max(groupingSize, getMinimumIntegerDigits())+1;
            for (i = digitCount; i > 0; --i) {
                if (i != digitCount && isGroupingUsed() && groupingSize != 0 &&
                    i % groupingSize == 0) {
                    result.append(localized ? symbols.getGroupingSeparator() :
                                  PATTERN_GROUPING_SEPARATOR);
                }
                result.append(i <= getMinimumIntegerDigits()
                    ? (localized ? symbols.getZeroDigit() : PATTERN_ZERO_DIGIT)
                    : (localized ? symbols.getDigit() : PATTERN_DIGIT));
            }
            if (getMaximumFractionDigits() > 0 || decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown)
                result.append(localized ? symbols.getDecimalSeparator() :
                              PATTERN_DECIMAL_SEPARATOR);
            for (i = 0; i < getMaximumFractionDigits(); ++i) {
                if (i < getMinimumFractionDigits()) {
                    result.append(localized ? symbols.getZeroDigit() :
                                  PATTERN_ZERO_DIGIT);
                } else {
                    result.append(localized ? symbols.getDigit() :
                                  PATTERN_DIGIT);
                }
            }
        if (useExponentialNotation)
        {
        result.append(localized ? symbols.getExponentialSymbol() :
                  PATTERN_EXPONENT);
        for (i=0; i<minExponentDigits; ++i)
                    result.append(localized ? symbols.getZeroDigit() :
                                  PATTERN_ZERO_DIGIT);
        }
            if (j == 1) {
                appendAffix(result, posSuffixPattern, positiveSuffix, localized);
                if ((negSuffixPattern == posSuffixPattern && // n == p == null
                     negativeSuffix.equals(positiveSuffix))
                    || (negSuffixPattern != null &&
                        negSuffixPattern.equals(posSuffixPattern))) {
                    if ((negPrefixPattern != null && posPrefixPattern != null &&
                         negPrefixPattern.equals("'-" + posPrefixPattern)) ||
                        (negPrefixPattern == posPrefixPattern && // n == p == null
                         negativePrefix.equals(symbols.getMinusSign() + positivePrefix)))
                        break;
                }
                result.append(localized ? symbols.getPatternSeparator() :
                              PATTERN_SEPARATOR);
            } else appendAffix(result, negSuffixPattern, negativeSuffix, localized);
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Apply the given pattern to this Format object.  A pattern is a
     * short-hand specification for the various formatting properties.
     * These properties can also be changed individually through the
     * various setter methods.
     * <p>
     * There is no limit to integer digits are set
     * by this routine, since that is the typical end-user desire;
     * use setMaximumInteger if you want to set a real value.
     * For negative numbers, use a second pattern, separated by a semicolon
     * <P>Example <code>"#,#00.0#"</code> -> 1,234.56
     * <P>This means a minimum of 2 integer digits, 1 fraction digit, and
     * a maximum of 2 fraction digits.
     * <p>Example: <code>"#,#00.0#;(#,#00.0#)"</code> for negatives in
     * parentheses.
     * <p>In negative patterns, the minimum and maximum counts are ignored;
     * these are presumed to be set in the positive pattern.
     *
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>pattern</code> is null
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the given pattern is invalid.
     */
    public void applyPattern(String pattern) {
        applyPattern(pattern, false);
    }

    /**
     * Apply the given pattern to this Format object.  The pattern
     * is assumed to be in a localized notation. A pattern is a
     * short-hand specification for the various formatting properties.
     * These properties can also be changed individually through the
     * various setter methods.
     * <p>
     * There is no limit to integer digits are set
     * by this routine, since that is the typical end-user desire;
     * use setMaximumInteger if you want to set a real value.
     * For negative numbers, use a second pattern, separated by a semicolon
     * <P>Example <code>"#,#00.0#"</code> -> 1,234.56
     * <P>This means a minimum of 2 integer digits, 1 fraction digit, and
     * a maximum of 2 fraction digits.
     * <p>Example: <code>"#,#00.0#;(#,#00.0#)"</code> for negatives in
     * parentheses.
     * <p>In negative patterns, the minimum and maximum counts are ignored;
     * these are presumed to be set in the positive pattern.
     *
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>pattern</code> is null
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the given pattern is invalid.
     */
    public void applyLocalizedPattern(String pattern) {
        applyPattern(pattern, true);
    }

    /**
     * Does the real work of applying a pattern.
     */
    private void applyPattern(String pattern, boolean localized)
    {
        char zeroDigit         = PATTERN_ZERO_DIGIT;
        char groupingSeparator = PATTERN_GROUPING_SEPARATOR;
        char decimalSeparator  = PATTERN_DECIMAL_SEPARATOR;
        char percent           = PATTERN_PERCENT;
        char perMill           = PATTERN_PER_MILLE;
        char digit             = PATTERN_DIGIT;
        char separator         = PATTERN_SEPARATOR;
        char exponent          = PATTERN_EXPONENT;
        char minus             = PATTERN_MINUS;
        if (localized) {
            zeroDigit         = symbols.getZeroDigit();
            groupingSeparator = symbols.getGroupingSeparator();
            decimalSeparator  = symbols.getDecimalSeparator();
            percent           = symbols.getPercent();
            perMill           = symbols.getPerMill();
            digit             = symbols.getDigit();
            separator         = symbols.getPatternSeparator();
            exponent          = symbols.getExponentialSymbol();
            minus             = symbols.getMinusSign();
        }
        boolean gotNegative = false;

        decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown = false;
        isCurrencyFormat = false;
        useExponentialNotation = false;

        // Two variables are used to record the subrange of the pattern
        // occupied by phase 1.  This is used during the processing of the
        // second pattern (the one representing negative numbers) to ensure
        // that no deviation exists in phase 1 between the two patterns.
        int phaseOneStart = 0;
        int phaseOneLength = 0;
        /** Back-out comment : HShih
         * boolean phaseTwo = false;
         */

        int start = 0;
        for (int j = 1; j >= 0 && start < pattern.length(); --j)
        {
            boolean inQuote = false;
            StringBuffer prefix = new StringBuffer();
            StringBuffer suffix = new StringBuffer();
            int decimalPos = -1;
            int multiplier = 1;
            int digitLeftCount = 0, zeroDigitCount = 0, digitRightCount = 0;
            byte groupingCount = -1;

            // The phase ranges from 0 to 2.  Phase 0 is the prefix.  Phase 1 is
            // the section of the pattern with digits, decimal separator,
            // grouping characters.  Phase 2 is the suffix.  In phases 0 and 2,
            // percent, permille, and currency symbols are recognized and
            // translated.  The separation of the characters into phases is
            // strictly enforced; if phase 1 characters are to appear in the
            // suffix, for example, they must be quoted.
            int phase = 0;

            // The affix is either the prefix or the suffix.
            StringBuffer affix = prefix;

            for (int pos = start; pos < pattern.length(); ++pos)
            {
                char ch = pattern.charAt(pos);
            switch (phase)
            {
                case 0:
                case 2:
                // Process the prefix / suffix characters
                if (inQuote)
                {
                    // A quote within quotes indicates either the closing
                    // quote or two quotes, which is a quote literal.  That is,
                    // we have the second quote in 'do' or 'don''t'.
                    if (ch == QUOTE)
                    {
                        if ((pos+1) < pattern.length() &&
                        pattern.charAt(pos+1) == QUOTE)
                        {
                        ++pos;
                        affix.append("''"); // 'don''t'
                        }
                        else
                        {
                        inQuote = false; // 'do'
                        }
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // Process unquoted characters seen in prefix or suffix
                    // phase.
                    if (ch == digit ||
                        ch == zeroDigit ||
                        ch == groupingSeparator ||
                        ch == decimalSeparator)
                    {
                        // Any of these characters implicitly begins the next
                        // phase.  If we are in phase 2, there is no next phase,
                        // so these characters are illegal.
                        /**
                         * 1.2 Back-out comment : HShih
                         * Can't throw exception here.
                         * if (phase == 2)
                         *    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unquoted special character '" +
                         *                   ch + "' in pattern \"" +
                         *                   pattern + '"');
                         */
                        phase = 1;
                        if (j == 1) phaseOneStart = pos;
                        --pos; // Reprocess this character
                        continue;
                    }
                    else if (ch == CURRENCY_SIGN)
                    {
                        // Use lookahead to determine if the currency sign is
                        // doubled or not.
                        boolean doubled = (pos + 1) < pattern.length() &&
                        pattern.charAt(pos + 1) == CURRENCY_SIGN;
                        if (doubled) ++pos; // Skip over the doubled character
                        isCurrencyFormat = true;
                        affix.append(doubled ? "'\u00A4\u00A4" : "'\u00A4");
                        continue;
                    }
                    else if (ch == QUOTE)
                    {
                        // A quote outside quotes indicates either the opening
                        // quote or two quotes, which is a quote literal.  That is,
                        // we have the first quote in 'do' or o''clock.
                        if (ch == QUOTE)
                        {
                        if ((pos+1) < pattern.length() &&
                            pattern.charAt(pos+1) == QUOTE)
                        {
                            ++pos;
                            affix.append("''"); // o''clock
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            inQuote = true; // 'do'
                        }
                        continue;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (ch == separator)
                    {
                        // Don't allow separators before we see digit characters of phase
                        // 1, and don't allow separators in the second pattern (j == 0).
                        if (phase == 0 || j == 0)
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unquoted special character '" +
                                           ch + "' in pattern \"" +
                                           pattern + '"');
                        start = pos + 1;
                        pos = pattern.length();
                        continue;
                    }

                    // Next handle characters which are appended directly.
                    else if (ch == percent)
                    {
                        if (multiplier != 1)
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Too many percent/permille characters in pattern \"" +
                                           pattern + '"');
                        multiplier = 100;
                        affix.append("'%");
                        continue;
                    }
                    else if (ch == perMill)
                    {
                        if (multiplier != 1)
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Too many percent/permille characters in pattern \"" +
                                           pattern + '"');
                        multiplier = 1000;
                        affix.append("'\u2030");
                        continue;
                    } else if (ch == minus) {
                        affix.append("'-");
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                // Note that if we are within quotes, or if this is an unquoted,
                // non-special character, then we usually fall through to here.
                affix.append(ch);
                break;
            case 1:
                // Phase one must be identical in the two sub-patterns.  We
                // enforce this by doing a direct comparison.  While
                // processing the first sub-pattern, we just record its
                // length.  While processing the second, we compare
                // characters.
                if (j == 1) ++phaseOneLength;
                else
                {
                    /**
                     * 1.2 Back-out comment : HShih
                     * if (ch != pattern.charAt(phaseOneStart++))
                     *    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Subpattern mismatch in \"" +
                     *                       pattern + '"');
                     * phaseTwo = true;
                     */
                    if (--phaseOneLength == 0)
                    {
                        phase = 2;
                        affix = suffix;
                    }
                    continue;
                }

                // Process the digits, decimal, and grouping characters.  We
                // record five pieces of information.  We expect the digits
                // to occur in the pattern ####0000.####, and we record the
                // number of left digits, zero (central) digits, and right
                // digits.  The position of the last grouping character is
                // recorded (should be somewhere within the first two blocks
                // of characters), as is the position of the decimal point,
                // if any (should be in the zero digits).  If there is no
                // decimal point, then there should be no right digits.
                if (ch == digit)
                {
                    if (zeroDigitCount > 0) ++digitRightCount; else ++digitLeftCount;
                    if (groupingCount >= 0 && decimalPos < 0) ++groupingCount;
                }
                else if (ch == zeroDigit)
                {
                    if (digitRightCount > 0)
                       throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected '0' in pattern \"" +
                                       pattern + '"');
                    ++zeroDigitCount;
                    if (groupingCount >= 0 && decimalPos < 0) ++groupingCount;
                }
                else if (ch == groupingSeparator)
                {
                    groupingCount = 0;
                }
                else if (ch == decimalSeparator)
                {
                    if (decimalPos >= 0)
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Multiple decimal separators in pattern \"" +
                                       pattern + '"');
                    decimalPos = digitLeftCount + zeroDigitCount + digitRightCount;
                }
                else if (ch == exponent)
                {
                    if (useExponentialNotation)
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Multiple exponential " +
                                       "symbols in pattern \"" +
                                       pattern + '"');
                    useExponentialNotation = true;
                    minExponentDigits = 0;

                    // Use lookahead to parse out the exponential part of the
                    // pattern, then jump into phase 2.
                    while (++pos < pattern.length() &&
                           pattern.charAt(pos) == zeroDigit)
                    {
                        ++minExponentDigits;
                        ++phaseOneLength;
                    }

                    if ((digitLeftCount + zeroDigitCount) < 1 ||
                        minExponentDigits < 1)
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Malformed exponential " +
                                           "pattern \"" +
                                           pattern + '"');

                    // Transition to phase 2
                    phase = 2;
                    affix = suffix;
                    --pos;
                    continue;
                }
                else
                {
                    phase = 2;
                    affix = suffix;
                    --pos;
                    --phaseOneLength;
                    continue;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
        /**
         * 1.2 Back-out comment : HShih
         * if (phaseTwo && phaseOneLength > 0)
         *      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Subpattern mismatch in \"" +
         *                                   pattern + '"');
         */
        // Handle patterns with no '0' pattern character.  These patterns
        // are legal, but must be interpreted.  "##.###" -> "#0.###".
        // ".###" -> ".0##".
        /* We allow patterns of the form "####" to produce a zeroDigitCount of
         * zero (got that?); although this seems like it might make it possible
         * for format() to produce empty strings, format() checks for this
         * condition and outputs a zero digit in this situation.  Having a
         * zeroDigitCount of zero yields a minimum integer digits of zero, which
         * allows proper round-trip patterns.  That is, we don't want "#" to
         * become "#0" when toPattern() is called (even though that's what it
         * really is, semantically).  */
        if (zeroDigitCount == 0 && digitLeftCount > 0 &&
            decimalPos >= 0) {
            // Handle "###.###" and "###." and ".###"
            int n = decimalPos;
            if (n == 0) ++n; // Handle ".###"
            digitRightCount = digitLeftCount - n;
            digitLeftCount = n - 1;
            zeroDigitCount = 1;
        }

        // Do syntax checking on the digits.
        if ((decimalPos < 0 && digitRightCount > 0) ||
        (decimalPos >= 0 &&
         (decimalPos < digitLeftCount ||
          decimalPos > (digitLeftCount + zeroDigitCount))) ||
        groupingCount == 0 ||
        inQuote)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Malformed pattern \"" +
                               pattern + '"');

            if (j == 1) {
                posPrefixPattern = prefix.toString();
                posSuffixPattern = suffix.toString();
                negPrefixPattern = posPrefixPattern;   // assume these for now
                negSuffixPattern = posSuffixPattern;
            int digitTotalCount = digitLeftCount + zeroDigitCount + digitRightCount;
            /* The effectiveDecimalPos is the position the decimal is at or
             * would be at if there is no decimal.  Note that if decimalPos<0,
             * then digitTotalCount == digitLeftCount + zeroDigitCount.  */
            int effectiveDecimalPos = decimalPos >= 0 ? decimalPos : digitTotalCount;
            setMinimumIntegerDigits(effectiveDecimalPos - digitLeftCount);
            setMaximumIntegerDigits(useExponentialNotation ?
                        digitLeftCount + getMinimumIntegerDigits() : DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS);
            setMaximumFractionDigits(decimalPos >= 0 ? (digitTotalCount - decimalPos) : 0);
            setMinimumFractionDigits(decimalPos >= 0 ?
                         (digitLeftCount + zeroDigitCount - decimalPos) : 0);
            setGroupingUsed(groupingCount > 0);
            this.groupingSize = (groupingCount > 0) ? groupingCount : 0;
            this.multiplier = multiplier;
            setDecimalSeparatorAlwaysShown(decimalPos == 0 || decimalPos == digitTotalCount);
            } else {
                negPrefixPattern = prefix.toString();
                negSuffixPattern = suffix.toString();
                gotNegative = true;
            }
        }

        if (pattern.length() == 0) {
            posPrefixPattern = posSuffixPattern = "";
            setMinimumIntegerDigits(0);
            setMaximumIntegerDigits(DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS);
            setMinimumFractionDigits(0);
            setMaximumFractionDigits(DOUBLE_FRACTION_DIGITS);
        }

    // If there was no negative pattern, or if the negative pattern is identical
    // to the positive pattern, then prepend the minus sign to the positive
    // pattern to form the negative pattern.
        if (!gotNegative ||
            (negPrefixPattern.equals(posPrefixPattern)
             && negSuffixPattern.equals(posSuffixPattern))) {
            negSuffixPattern = posSuffixPattern;
            negPrefixPattern = "'-" + posPrefixPattern;
        }

        expandAffixes();
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum number of digits allowed in the integer portion of a
     * number. This override limits the integer digit count to 309.
     * @see NumberFormat#setMaximumIntegerDigits
     */
    public void setMaximumIntegerDigits(int newValue) {
        super.setMaximumIntegerDigits(Math.min(newValue, DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS));
    }

    /**
     * Sets the minimum number of digits allowed in the integer portion of a
     * number. This override limits the integer digit count to 309.
     * @see NumberFormat#setMinimumIntegerDigits
     */
    public void setMinimumIntegerDigits(int newValue) {
        super.setMinimumIntegerDigits(Math.min(newValue, DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS));
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum number of digits allowed in the fraction portion of a
     * number. This override limits the fraction digit count to 340.
     * @see NumberFormat#setMaximumFractionDigits
     */
    public void setMaximumFractionDigits(int newValue) {
        super.setMaximumFractionDigits(Math.min(newValue, DOUBLE_FRACTION_DIGITS));
    }

    /**
     * Sets the minimum number of digits allowed in the fraction portion of a
     * number. This override limits the fraction digit count to 340.
     * @see NumberFormat#setMinimumFractionDigits
     */
    public void setMinimumFractionDigits(int newValue) {
        super.setMinimumFractionDigits(Math.min(newValue, DOUBLE_FRACTION_DIGITS));
    }

    /**
     * Gets the currency used by this decimal format when formatting
     * currency values.
     * The currency is obtained by calling
     * {@link DecimalFormatSymbols#getCurrency DecimalFormatSymbols.getCurrency}
     * on this number format's symbols.
     *
     * @return the currency used by this decimal format, or <code>null</code>
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public Currency getCurrency() {
        return symbols.getCurrency();
    }
    
    /**
     * Sets the currency used by this number format when formatting
     * currency values. This does not update the minimum or maximum
     * number of fraction digits used by the number format.
     * The currency is set by calling
     * {@link DecimalFormatSymbols#setCurrency DecimalFormatSymbols.setCurrency}
     * on this number format's symbols.
     *
     * @param currency the new currency to be used by this decimal format
     * @exception NullPointerException if <code>currency</code> is null
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public void setCurrency(Currency currency) {
        if (currency != symbols.getCurrency()) {
            symbols.setCurrency(currency);
            if (isCurrencyFormat) {
                expandAffixes();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * Adjusts the minimum and maximum fraction digits to values that
     * are reasonable for the currency's default fraction digits.
     */
    void adjustForCurrencyDefaultFractionDigits() {
        Currency currency = symbols.getCurrency();
        if (currency == null) {
            try {
                currency = Currency.getInstance(symbols.getInternationalCurrencySymbol());
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            }
        }
        if (currency != null) {
            int digits = currency.getDefaultFractionDigits();
            if (digits != -1) {
                int oldMinDigits = getMinimumFractionDigits();
                // Common patterns are "#.##", "#.00", "#".
                // Try to adjust all of them in a reasonable way.
                if (oldMinDigits == getMaximumFractionDigits()) {
                    setMinimumFractionDigits(digits);
                    setMaximumFractionDigits(digits);
                } else {
                    setMinimumFractionDigits(Math.min(digits, oldMinDigits));
                    setMaximumFractionDigits(digits);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * First, read the default serializable fields from the stream.  Then
     * if <code>serialVersionOnStream</code> is less than 1, indicating that
     * the stream was written by JDK 1.1, initialize <code>useExponentialNotation</code>
     * to false, since it was not present in JDK 1.1.
     * Finally, set serialVersionOnStream back to the maximum allowed value so that
     * default serialization will work properly if this object is streamed out again.
     *
     * <p>If the minimum or maximum integer digit count is larger than
     * <code>DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS</code> or if the minimum or maximum fraction
     * digit count is larger than <code>DOUBLE_FRACTION_DIGITS</code>, then the
     * stream data is invalid and this method throws an
     * <code>InvalidObjectException</code>.
     *
     * <p>Stream versions older than 2 will not have the affix pattern variables
     * <code>posPrefixPattern</code> etc.  As a result, they will be initialized
     * to <code>null</code>, which means the affix strings will be taken as
     * literal values.  This is exactly what we want, since that corresponds to
     * the pre-version-2 behavior.
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream)
         throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException
    {
        stream.defaultReadObject();
        // We only need to check the maximum counts because NumberFormat
        // .readObject has already ensured that the maximum is greater than the
        // minimum count.
        if (getMaximumIntegerDigits() > DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS ||
            getMaximumFractionDigits() > DOUBLE_FRACTION_DIGITS) {
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Digit count out of range");
        }
        if (serialVersionOnStream < 1) {
            // Didn't have exponential fields
            useExponentialNotation = false;
        }
        serialVersionOnStream = currentSerialVersion;
        digitList = new DigitList();
    }

    //----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // INSTANCE VARIABLES
    //----------------------------------------------------------------------

    private transient DigitList digitList = new DigitList();

    /**
     * The symbol used as a prefix when formatting positive numbers, e.g. "+".
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #getPositivePrefix
     */
    private String  positivePrefix = "";

    /**
     * The symbol used as a suffix when formatting positive numbers.
     * This is often an empty string.
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #getPositiveSuffix
     */
    private String  positiveSuffix = "";

    /**
     * The symbol used as a prefix when formatting negative numbers, e.g. "-".
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #getNegativePrefix
     */
    private String  negativePrefix = "-";

    /**
     * The symbol used as a suffix when formatting negative numbers.
     * This is often an empty string.
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #getNegativeSuffix
     */
    private String  negativeSuffix = "";

    /**
     * The prefix pattern for non-negative numbers.  This variable corresponds
     * to <code>positivePrefix</code>.
     *
     * <p>This pattern is expanded by the method <code>expandAffix()</code> to
     * <code>positivePrefix</code> to update the latter to reflect changes in
     * <code>symbols</code>.  If this variable is <code>null</code> then
     * <code>positivePrefix</code> is taken as a literal value that does not
     * change when <code>symbols</code> changes.  This variable is always
     * <code>null</code> for <code>DecimalFormat</code> objects older than
     * stream version 2 restored from stream.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private String posPrefixPattern;

    /**
     * The suffix pattern for non-negative numbers.  This variable corresponds
     * to <code>positiveSuffix</code>.  This variable is analogous to
     * <code>posPrefixPattern</code> see that variable for further
     * documentation.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private String posSuffixPattern;

    /**
     * The prefix pattern for negative numbers.  This variable corresponds
     * to <code>negativePrefix</code>.  This variable is analogous to
     * <code>posPrefixPattern</code> see that variable for further
     * documentation.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private String negPrefixPattern;

    /**
     * The suffix pattern for negative numbers.  This variable corresponds
     * to <code>negativeSuffix</code>.  This variable is analogous to
     * <code>posPrefixPattern</code> see that variable for further
     * documentation.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private String negSuffixPattern;

    /**
     * The multiplier for use in percent, permill, etc.
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #getMultiplier
     */
    private int     multiplier = 1;
    
    /**
     * The number of digits between grouping separators in the integer
     * portion of a number.  Must be greater than 0 if
     * <code>NumberFormat.groupingUsed</code> is true.
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #getGroupingSize
     * @see java.text.NumberFormat#isGroupingUsed
     */
    private byte    groupingSize = 3;  // invariant, > 0 if useThousands
    
    /**
     * If true, forces the decimal separator to always appear in a formatted
     * number, even if the fractional part of the number is zero.
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #isDecimalSeparatorAlwaysShown
     */
    private boolean decimalSeparatorAlwaysShown = false;
    
    /**
     * True if this object represents a currency format.  This determines
     * whether the monetary decimal separator is used instead of the normal one.
     */
    private transient boolean isCurrencyFormat = false;
    
    /**
     * The <code>DecimalFormatSymbols</code> object used by this format.
     * It contains the symbols used to format numbers, e.g. the grouping separator,
     * decimal separator, and so on.
     *
     * @serial
     * @see #setDecimalFormatSymbols
     * @see java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols
     */
    private DecimalFormatSymbols symbols = null; // LIU new DecimalFormatSymbols();

    /**
     * True to force the use of exponential (i.e. scientific) notation when formatting
     * numbers.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.2
     */
    private boolean useExponentialNotation;  // Newly persistent in the Java 2 platform

    /**
     * FieldPositions describing the positive prefix String. This is
     * lazily created. Use <code>getPositivePrefixFieldPositions</code>
     * when needed.
     */
    private transient FieldPosition[] positivePrefixFieldPositions;

    /**
     * FieldPositions describing the positive suffix String. This is
     * lazily created. Use <code>getPositiveSuffixFieldPositions</code>
     * when needed.
     */
    private transient FieldPosition[] positiveSuffixFieldPositions;

    /**
     * FieldPositions describing the negative prefix String. This is
     * lazily created. Use <code>getNegativePrefixFieldPositions</code>
     * when needed.
     */
    private transient FieldPosition[] negativePrefixFieldPositions;

    /**
     * FieldPositions describing the negative suffix String. This is
     * lazily created. Use <code>getNegativeSuffixFieldPositions</code>
     * when needed.
     */
    private transient FieldPosition[] negativeSuffixFieldPositions;

    /**
     * The minimum number of digits used to display the exponent when a number is
     * formatted in exponential notation.  This field is ignored if
     * <code>useExponentialNotation</code> is not true.
     *
     * @serial
     * @since 1.2
     */
    private byte    minExponentDigits;       // Newly persistent in the Java 2 platform

    //----------------------------------------------------------------------

    static final int currentSerialVersion = 2;

    /**
     * The internal serial version which says which version was written.
     * Possible values are:
     * <ul>
     * <li><b>0</b> (default): versions before the Java 2 platform v1.2
     * <li><b>1</b>: version for 1.2, which includes the two new fields
     *      <code>useExponentialNotation</code> and <code>minExponentDigits</code>.
     * <li><b>2</b>: version for 1.3 and later, which adds four new fields:
     *      <code>posPrefixPattern</code>, <code>posSuffixPattern</code>,
     *      <code>negPrefixPattern</code>, and <code>negSuffixPattern</code>.
     * </ul>
     * @since 1.2
     * @serial
     */
    private int serialVersionOnStream = currentSerialVersion;

    //----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // CONSTANTS
    //----------------------------------------------------------------------

    // Constants for characters used in programmatic (unlocalized) patterns.
    private static final char       PATTERN_ZERO_DIGIT         = '0';
    private static final char       PATTERN_GROUPING_SEPARATOR = ',';
    private static final char       PATTERN_DECIMAL_SEPARATOR  = '.';
    private static final char       PATTERN_PER_MILLE          = '\u2030';
    private static final char       PATTERN_PERCENT            = '%';
    private static final char       PATTERN_DIGIT              = '#';
    private static final char       PATTERN_SEPARATOR          = ';';
    private static final char       PATTERN_EXPONENT           = 'E';
    private static final char       PATTERN_MINUS              = '-';

    /**
     * The CURRENCY_SIGN is the standard Unicode symbol for currency.  It
     * is used in patterns and substitued with either the currency symbol,
     * or if it is doubled, with the international currency symbol.  If the
     * CURRENCY_SIGN is seen in a pattern, then the decimal separator is
     * replaced with the monetary decimal separator.
     *
     * The CURRENCY_SIGN is not localized.
     */
    private static final char       CURRENCY_SIGN = '\u00A4';

    private static final char       QUOTE = '\'';

    private static FieldPosition[] EmptyFieldPositionArray = new FieldPosition[0];

    // Upper limit on integer and fraction digits for a Java double
    static final int DOUBLE_INTEGER_DIGITS  = 309;
    static final int DOUBLE_FRACTION_DIGITS = 340;

    // Proclaim JDK 1.1 serial compatibility.
    static final long serialVersionUID = 864413376551465018L;

    /**
     * Cache to hold the NumberPattern of a Locale.
     */
    private static Hashtable cachedLocaleData = new Hashtable(3);
}