/*
 * @(#)System.java	1.149 04/06/02
 *
 * Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */
package java.lang;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.PropertyPermission;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.AllPermission;
import java.nio.channels.Channel;
import java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider;
import sun.net.InetAddressCachePolicy;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;
import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
import sun.reflect.annotation.AnnotationType;

/**
 * The <code>System</code> class contains several useful class fields
 * and methods. It cannot be instantiated.
 *
 * <p>Among the facilities provided by the <code>System</code> class
 * are standard input, standard output, and error output streams;
 * access to externally defined properties and environment
 * variables; a means of loading files and libraries; and a utility
 * method for quickly copying a portion of an array.
 *
 * @author  unascribed
 * @version 1.149, 06/02/04
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public final class System {

    /* First thing---register the natives */
    private static native void registerNatives();
    static {
        registerNatives();
    }

    /** Don't let anyone instantiate this class */
    private System() {
    }

    /**
     * The "standard" input stream. This stream is already
     * open and ready to supply input data. Typically this stream
     * corresponds to keyboard input or another input source specified by
     * the host environment or user.
     */
    public final static InputStream in = nullInputStream();

    /**
     * The "standard" output stream. This stream is already
     * open and ready to accept output data. Typically this stream
     * corresponds to display output or another output destination
     * specified by the host environment or user.
     * <p>
     * For simple stand-alone Java applications, a typical way to write
     * a line of output data is:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     *     System.out.println(data)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * <p>
     * See the <code>println</code> methods in class <code>PrintStream</code>.
     *
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println()
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(boolean)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(char)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(char[])
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(double)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(float)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(int)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(long)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(java.lang.Object)
     * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(java.lang.String)
     */
    public final static PrintStream out = nullPrintStream();

    /**
     * The "standard" error output stream. This stream is already
     * open and ready to accept output data.
     * <p>
     * Typically this stream corresponds to display output or another
     * output destination specified by the host environment or user. By
     * convention, this output stream is used to display error messages
     * or other information that should come to the immediate attention
     * of a user even if the principal output stream, the value of the
     * variable <code>out</code>, has been redirected to a file or other
     * destination that is typically not continuously monitored.
     */
    public final static PrintStream err = nullPrintStream();

    /* The security manager for the system.
     */
    private static SecurityManager security = null;

    /**
     * Reassigns the "standard" input stream.
     *
     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
     *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" input stream.
     * <p>
     *
     * @param in the new standard input stream.
     *
     * @throws SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its
     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
     *        reassigning of the standard input stream.
     *
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
     *
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public static void setIn(InputStream in) {
	checkIO();
	setIn0(in);
    }

    /**
     * Reassigns the "standard" output stream.
     *
     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
     *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" output stream.
     *
     * @param out the new standard output stream
     *
     * @throws SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its
     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
     *        reassigning of the standard output stream.
     *
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
     *
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public static void setOut(PrintStream out) {
	checkIO();
	setOut0(out);
    }

    /**
     * Reassigns the "standard" error output stream.
     *
     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
     *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" error output stream.
     *
     * @param err the new standard error output stream.
     *
     * @throws SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its
     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
     *        reassigning of the standard error output stream.
     *
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
     *
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public static void setErr(PrintStream err) {
	checkIO();
	setErr0(err);
    }


    /** 
     * Returns the channel inherited from the entity that created this
     * Java virtual machine.
     *
     * <p> This method returns the channel obtained by invoking the
     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider#inheritedChannel
     * inheritedChannel} method of the system-wide default
     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider} object. </p>
     *
     * <p> In addition to the network-oriented channels described in
     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider#inheritedChannel
     * inheritedChannel}, this method may return other kinds of
     * channels in the future.
     *
     * @return	The inherited channel, if any, otherwise <tt>null</tt>.
     *
     * @throws	IOException
     *		If an I/O error occurs
     *
     * @throws	SecurityException
     *		If a security manager is present and it does not
     *		permit access to the channel.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static Channel inheritedChannel() throws IOException {
        return SelectorProvider.provider().inheritedChannel();
    }

    private static void checkIO() {
        if (security != null)
	    security.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setIO"));
    }

    private static native void setIn0(InputStream in);
    private static native void setOut0(PrintStream out);
    private static native void setErr0(PrintStream err);

    /**
     * Sets the System security.
     *
     * <p> If there is a security manager already installed, this method first
     * calls the security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method
     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("setSecurityManager")</code>
     * permission to ensure it's ok to replace the existing
     * security manager.
     * This may result in throwing a <code>SecurityException</code>.
     *
     * <p> Otherwise, the argument is established as the current
     * security manager. If the argument is <code>null</code> and no
     * security manager has been established, then no action is taken and
     * the method simply returns.
     *
     * @param      s   the security manager.
     * @exception  SecurityException  if the security manager has already
     *             been set and its <code>checkPermission</code> method
     *             doesn't allow it to be replaced.
     * @see #getSecurityManager
     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
     */
    public static
    void setSecurityManager(final SecurityManager s) {
        try {
            s.checkPackageAccess("java.lang");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // no-op
        }
        setSecurityManager0(s);
    }

    private static synchronized
    void setSecurityManager0(final SecurityManager s) {
	if (security != null) {
 	    // ask the currently installed security manager if we
 	    // can replace it.
 	    security.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission
				     ("setSecurityManager"));
	}

	if ((s != null) && (s.getClass().getClassLoader() != null)) {
	    // New security manager class is not on bootstrap classpath.
	    // Cause policy to get initialized before we install the new
	    // security manager, in order to prevent infinite loops when
	    // trying to initialize the policy (which usually involves
	    // accessing some security and/or system properties, which in turn
	    // calls the installed security manager's checkPermission method
	    // which will loop infinitely if there is a non-system class
	    // (in this case: the new security manager class) on the stack).
	    AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
		public Object run() {
		    s.getClass().getProtectionDomain().implies
			(SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
		    return null;
		}
	    });
	}

	security = s;
	InetAddressCachePolicy.setIfNotSet(InetAddressCachePolicy.FOREVER);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the system security interface.
     *
     * @return  if a security manager has already been established for the
     *          current application, then that security manager is returned;
     *          otherwise, <code>null</code> is returned.
     * @see     #setSecurityManager
     */
    public static SecurityManager getSecurityManager() {
	return security;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current time in milliseconds.  Note that
     * while the unit of time of the return value is a millisecond,
     * the granularity of the value depends on the underlying
     * operating system and may be larger.  For example, many
     * operating systems measure time in units of tens of
     * milliseconds.
     *
     * <p> See the description of the class <code>Date</code> for
     * a discussion of slight discrepancies that may arise between
     * "computer time" and coordinated universal time (UTC).
     *
     * @return  the difference, measured in milliseconds, between
     *          the current time and midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC.
     * @see     java.util.Date
     */
    public static native long currentTimeMillis();

    /**
     * Returns the current value of the most precise available system
     * timer, in nanoseconds.
     *
     * <p>This method can only be used to measure elapsed time and is
     * not related to any other notion of system or wall-clock time.
     * The value returned represents nanoseconds since some fixed but
     * arbitrary time (perhaps in the future, so values may be
     * negative).  This method provides nanosecond precision, but not
     * necessarily nanosecond accuracy. No guarantees are made about
     * how frequently values change. Differences in successive calls
     * that span greater than approximately 292 years (2<sup>63</sup>
     * nanoseconds) will not accurately compute elapsed time due to
     * numerical overflow.
     *
     * <p> For example, to measure how long some code takes to execute:
     * <pre>
     *   long startTime = System.nanoTime();
     *   // ... the code being measured ...
     *   long estimatedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;
     * </pre>
     * 
     * @return The current value of the system timer, in nanoseconds.
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static native long nanoTime();

    /**
     * Copies an array from the specified source array, beginning at the
     * specified position, to the specified position of the destination array.
     * A subsequence of array components are copied from the source
     * array referenced by <code>src</code> to the destination array
     * referenced by <code>dest</code>. The number of components copied is
     * equal to the <code>length</code> argument. The components at
     * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> in the source array are copied into
     * positions <code>destPos</code> through
     * <code>destPos+length-1</code>, respectively, of the destination
     * array.
     * <p>
     * If the <code>src</code> and <code>dest</code> arguments refer to the
     * same array object, then the copying is performed as if the
     * components at positions <code>srcPos</code> through
     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> were first copied to a temporary
     * array with <code>length</code> components and then the contents of
     * the temporary array were copied into positions
     * <code>destPos</code> through <code>destPos+length-1</code> of the
     * destination array.
     * <p>
     * If <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
     * <p>
     * If <code>src</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown and the destination
     * array is not modified.
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
     * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown and the destination is
     * not modified:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
     *     array.
     * <li>The <code>dest</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
     *     array.
     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument and <code>dest</code> argument refer
     *     to arrays whose component types are different primitive types.
     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a primitive
     *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
     *     with a reference component type.
     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a reference
     *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
     *     with a primitive component type.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
     * <code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code> is
     * thrown and the destination is not modified:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The <code>srcPos</code> argument is negative.
     * <li>The <code>destPos</code> argument is negative.
     * <li>The <code>length</code> argument is negative.
     * <li><code>srcPos+length</code> is greater than
     *     <code>src.length</code>, the length of the source array.
     * <li><code>destPos+length</code> is greater than
     *     <code>dest.length</code>, the length of the destination array.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * Otherwise, if any actual component of the source array from
     * position <code>srcPos</code> through
     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> cannot be converted to the component
     * type of the destination array by assignment conversion, an
     * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown. In this case, let
     * <b><i>k</i></b> be the smallest nonnegative integer less than
     * length such that <code>src[srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>]</code>
     * cannot be converted to the component type of the destination
     * array; when the exception is thrown, source array components from
     * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
     * <code>srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>-1</code>
     * will already have been copied to destination array positions
     * <code>destPos</code> through
     * <code>destPos+</code><i>k</I><code>-1</code> and no other
     * positions of the destination array will have been modified.
     * (Because of the restrictions already itemized, this
     * paragraph effectively applies only to the situation where both
     * arrays have component types that are reference types.)
     *
     * @param      src      the source array.
     * @param      srcPos   starting position in the source array.
     * @param      dest     the destination array.
     * @param      destPos  starting position in the destination data.
     * @param      length   the number of array elements to be copied.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if copying would cause
     *               access of data outside array bounds.
     * @exception  ArrayStoreException  if an element in the <code>src</code>
     *               array could not be stored into the <code>dest</code> array
     *               because of a type mismatch.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if either <code>src</code> or
     *               <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>.
     */
    public static native void arraycopy(Object src,  int  srcPos,
                                        Object dest, int destPos,
                                        int length);

    /**
     * Returns the same hash code for the given object as
     * would be returned by the default method hashCode(),
     * whether or not the given object's class overrides
     * hashCode().
     * The hash code for the null reference is zero.
     *
     * @param x object for which the hashCode is to be calculated
     * @return  the hashCode
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    public static native int identityHashCode(Object x);

    /**
     * System properties. The following properties are guaranteed to be defined:
     * <dl>
     * <dt>java.version		<dd>Java version number
     * <dt>java.vendor		<dd>Java vendor specific string
     * <dt>java.vendor.url	<dd>Java vendor URL
     * <dt>java.home		<dd>Java installation directory
     * <dt>java.class.version	<dd>Java class version number
     * <dt>java.class.path	<dd>Java classpath
     * <dt>os.name		<dd>Operating System Name
     * <dt>os.arch		<dd>Operating System Architecture
     * <dt>os.version		<dd>Operating System Version
     * <dt>file.separator	<dd>File separator ("/" on Unix)
     * <dt>path.separator	<dd>Path separator (":" on Unix)
     * <dt>line.separator	<dd>Line separator ("\n" on Unix)
     * <dt>user.name		<dd>User account name
     * <dt>user.home		<dd>User home directory
     * <dt>user.dir		<dd>User's current working directory
     * </dl>
     */

    private static Properties props;
    private static native Properties initProperties(Properties props);

    /**
     * Determines the current system properties.
     * <p>
     * First, if there is a security manager, its
     * <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method is called with no
     * arguments. This may result in a security exception.
     * <p>
     * The current set of system properties for use by the 
     * {@link #getProperty(String)} method is returned as a 
     * <code>Properties</code> object. If there is no current set of 
     * system properties, a set of system properties is first created and 
     * initialized. This set of system properties always includes values 
     * for the following keys: 
     * <table summary="Shows property keys and associated values">
     * <tr><th>Key</th>
     *     <th>Description of Associated Value</th></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.version</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment version</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vendor</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment vendor</td></tr
     * <tr><td><code>java.vendor.url</code></td>
     *     <td>Java vendor URL</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.home</code></td>
     *     <td>Java installation directory</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.version</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification version</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.vendor</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification vendor</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.name</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification name</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.version</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation version</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.vendor</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation vendor</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.name</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation name</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.version</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  version</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.vendor</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  vendor</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.name</code></td>
     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  name</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.class.version</code></td>
     *     <td>Java class format version number</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.class.path</code></td>
     *     <td>Java class path</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.library.path</code></td>
     *     <td>List of paths to search when loading libraries</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.io.tmpdir</code></td>
     *     <td>Default temp file path</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.compiler</code></td>
     *     <td>Name of JIT compiler to use</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>java.ext.dirs</code></td>
     *     <td>Path of extension directory or directories</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>os.name</code></td>
     *     <td>Operating system name</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>os.arch</code></td>
     *     <td>Operating system architecture</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>os.version</code></td>
     *     <td>Operating system version</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>file.separator</code></td>
     *     <td>File separator ("/" on UNIX)</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>path.separator</code></td>
     *     <td>Path separator (":" on UNIX)</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>line.separator</code></td>
     *     <td>Line separator ("\n" on UNIX)</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>user.name</code></td>
     *     <td>User's account name</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>user.home</code></td>
     *     <td>User's home directory</td></tr>
     * <tr><td><code>user.dir</code></td>
     *     <td>User's current working directory</td></tr>
     * </table>
     * <p>
     * Multiple paths in a system property value are separated by the path
     * separator character of the platform.
     * <p>
     * Note that even if the security manager does not permit the
     * <code>getProperties</code> operation, it may choose to permit the
     * {@link #getProperty(String)} operation.
     *
     * @return     the system properties
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow access
     *              to the system properties.
     * @see        #setProperties
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
     * @see        java.util.Properties
     */
    public static Properties getProperties() {
	if (security != null) {
	    security.checkPropertiesAccess();
	}
	return props;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the system properties to the <code>Properties</code>
     * argument.
     * <p>
     * First, if there is a security manager, its
     * <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method is called with no
     * arguments. This may result in a security exception.
     * <p>
     * The argument becomes the current set of system properties for use
     * by the {@link #getProperty(String)} method. If the argument is
     * <code>null</code>, then the current set of system properties is
     * forgotten.
     *
     * @param      props   the new system properties.
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow access
     *              to the system properties.
     * @see        #getProperties
     * @see        java.util.Properties
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
     */
    public static void setProperties(Properties props) {
	if (security != null) {
	    security.checkPropertiesAccess();
	}
        if (props == null) {
            props = new Properties();
            initProperties(props);
        }
	System.props = props;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the system property indicated by the specified key.
     * <p>
     * First, if there is a security manager, its
     * <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method is called with the key as
     * its argument. This may result in a SecurityException.
     * <p>
     * If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system
     * properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as
     * for the <code>getProperties</code> method.
     *
     * @param      key   the name of the system property.
     * @return     the string value of the system property,
     *             or <code>null</code> if there is no property with that key.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
     *              access to the specified system property.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
     * @see        #setProperty
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertyAccess(java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperties()
     */
    public static String getProperty(String key) {
	checkKey(key);
	if (security != null) {
	    security.checkPropertyAccess(key);
	}
	return props.getProperty(key);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the system property indicated by the specified key.
     * <p>
     * First, if there is a security manager, its
     * <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method is called with the
     * <code>key</code> as its argument.
     * <p>
     * If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system
     * properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as
     * for the <code>getProperties</code> method.
     *
     * @param      key   the name of the system property.
     * @param      def   a default value.
     * @return     the string value of the system property,
     *             or the default value if there is no property with that key.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
     *             access to the specified system property.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
     * @see        #setProperty
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertyAccess(java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperties()
     */
    public static String getProperty(String key, String def) {
	checkKey(key);
	if (security != null) {
	    security.checkPropertyAccess(key);
	}
	return props.getProperty(key, def);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the system property indicated by the specified key.
     * <p>
     * First, if a security manager exists, its
     * <code>SecurityManager.checkPermission</code> method
     * is called with a <code>PropertyPermission(key, "write")</code>
     * permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.
     * If no exception is thrown, the specified property is set to the given
     * value.
     * <p>
     *
     * @param      key   the name of the system property.
     * @param      value the value of the system property.
     * @return     the previous value of the system property,
     *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
     *             setting of the specified property.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> or 
     *             <code>value</code> is <code>null</code>.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
     * @see        #getProperty
     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.util.PropertyPermission
     * @see        SecurityManager#checkPermission
     * @since      1.2
     */
    public static String setProperty(String key, String value) {
	checkKey(key);
	if (security != null)
	    security.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission(key,
		SecurityConstants.PROPERTY_WRITE_ACTION));
	return (String) props.setProperty(key, value);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the system property indicated by the specified key. 
     * <p>
     * First, if a security manager exists, its 
     * <code>SecurityManager.checkPermission</code> method
     * is called with a <code>PropertyPermission(key, "write")</code>
     * permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.
     * If no exception is thrown, the specified property is removed.
     * <p>
     *
     * @param      key   the name of the system property to be removed. 
     * @return     the previous string value of the system property,
     *             or <code>null</code> if there was no property with that key.
     *
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its  
     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
     *              access to the specified system property.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>.
     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
     * @see        #getProperty
     * @see        #setProperty
     * @see        java.util.Properties
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static String clearProperty(String key) {
        checkKey(key);
        if (security != null)
            security.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission(key, "write"));
        return (String) props.remove(key);
    }

    private static void checkKey(String key) {
        if (key == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("key can't be null");
        }
        if (key.equals("")) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("key can't be empty");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets the value of the specified environment variable. An
     * environment variable is a system-dependent external named
     * value.
     *
     * <p>If a security manager exists, its
     * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
     * method is called with a
     * <code>{@link RuntimePermission}("getenv."+name)</code>
     * permission.  This may result in a {@link SecurityException}
     * being thrown.  If no exception is thrown the value of the
     * variable <code>name</code> is returned.
     *
     * <p><a name="EnvironmentVSSystemProperties"><i>System
     * properties</i> and <i>environment variables</i> are both
     * conceptually mappings between names and values.  Both
     * mechanisms can be used to pass user-defined information to a
     * Java process.  Environment variables have a more global effect,
     * because they are visible to all descendants of the process
     * which defines them, not just the immediate Java subprocess.
     * They can have subtly different semantics, such as case
     * insensitivity, on different operating systems.  For these
     * reasons, environment variables are more likely to have
     * unintended side effects.  It is best to use system properties
     * where possible.  Environment variables should be used when a
     * global effect is desired, or when an external system interface
     * requires an environment variable (such as <code>PATH</code>).
     *
     * <p>On UNIX systems the alphabetic case of <code>name</code> is
     * typically significant, while on Microsoft Windows systems it is
     * typically not.  For example, the expression
     * <code>System.getenv("FOO").equals(System.getenv("foo"))</code>
     * is likely to be true on Microsoft Windows.
     *
     * @param  name the name of the environment variable
     * @return the string value of the variable, or <code>null</code>
     *         if the variable is not defined in the system environment
     * @throws NullPointerException if <code>name</code> is <code>null</code>
     * @throws SecurityException
     *         if a security manager exists and its
     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
     *         method doesn't allow access to the environment variable
     *         <code>name</code>
     * @see    #getenv()
     * @see    ProcessBuilder#environment()
     */
    public static String getenv(String name) {
	if (security != null)
	    security.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getenv."+name));

	return ProcessEnvironment.getenv(name);
    }

    
    /**
     * Returns an unmodifiable string map view of the current system environment.
     * The environment is a system-dependent mapping from names to
     * values which is passed from parent to child processes.
     *
     * <p>If the system does not support environment variables, an
     * empty map is returned.
     *
     * <p>The returned map will never contain null keys or values.
     * Attempting to query the presence of a null key or value will
     * throw a {@link NullPointerException}.  Attempting to query
     * the presence of a key or value which is not of type
     * {@link String} will throw a {@link ClassCastException}.
     *
     * <p>The returned map and its collection views may not obey the
     * general contract of the {@link Object#equals} and
     * {@link Object#hashCode} methods.
     *
     * <p>The returned map is typically case-sensitive on all platforms.
     *
     * <p>If a security manager exists, its
     * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
     * method is called with a
     * <code>{@link RuntimePermission}("getenv.*")</code>
     * permission.  This may result in a {@link SecurityException} being
     * thrown.
     *
     * <p>When passing information to a Java subprocess,
     * <a href=#EnvironmentVSSystemProperties>system properties</a>
     * are generally preferred over environment variables.
     *
     * @return the environment as a map of variable names to values
     * @throws SecurityException
     *         if a security manager exists and its
     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
     *         method doesn't allow access to the process environment
     * @see    #getenv(String)
     * @see    ProcessBuilder#environment()
     * @since  1.5
     */
    public static java.util.Map<String,String> getenv() {
	if (security != null)
	    security.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getenv.*"));

	return ProcessEnvironment.getenv();
    }

    /**
     * Terminates the currently running Java Virtual Machine. The
     * argument serves as a status code; by convention, a nonzero status
     * code indicates abnormal termination.
     * <p>
     * This method calls the <code>exit</code> method in class
     * <code>Runtime</code>. This method never returns normally.
     * <p>
     * The call <code>System.exit(n)</code> is effectively equivalent to
     * the call:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Runtime.getRuntime().exit(n)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      status   exit status.
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its <code>checkExit</code>
     *        method doesn't allow exit with the specified status.
     * @see        java.lang.Runtime#exit(int)
     */
    public static void exit(int status) {
	Runtime.getRuntime().exit(status);
    }

    /**
     * Runs the garbage collector.
     * <p>
     * Calling the <code>gc</code> method suggests that the Java Virtual
     * Machine expend effort toward recycling unused objects in order to
     * make the memory they currently occupy available for quick reuse.
     * When control returns from the method call, the Java Virtual
     * Machine has made a best effort to reclaim space from all discarded
     * objects.
     * <p>
     * The call <code>System.gc()</code> is effectively equivalent to the
     * call:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Runtime.getRuntime().gc()
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#gc()
     */
    public static void gc() {
	Runtime.getRuntime().gc();
    }

    /**
     * Runs the finalization methods of any objects pending finalization.
     * <p>
     * Calling this method suggests that the Java Virtual Machine expend
     * effort toward running the <code>finalize</code> methods of objects
     * that have been found to be discarded but whose <code>finalize</code>
     * methods have not yet been run. When control returns from the
     * method call, the Java Virtual Machine has made a best effort to
     * complete all outstanding finalizations.
     * <p>
     * The call <code>System.runFinalization()</code> is effectively
     * equivalent to the call:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization()
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#runFinalization()
     */
    public static void runFinalization() {
	Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization();
    }

    /**
     * Enable or disable finalization on exit; doing so specifies that the
     * finalizers of all objects that have finalizers that have not yet been
     * automatically invoked are to be run before the Java runtime exits.
     * By default, finalization on exit is disabled.
     *
     * <p>If there is a security manager,
     * its <code>checkExit</code> method is first called
     * with 0 as its argument to ensure the exit is allowed.
     * This could result in a SecurityException.
     *
     * @deprecated  This method is inherently unsafe.  It may result in
     * 	    finalizers being called on live objects while other threads are
     *      concurrently manipulating those objects, resulting in erratic
     *	    behavior or deadlock.
     * @param value indicating enabling or disabling of finalization
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *        if a security manager exists and its <code>checkExit</code>
     *        method doesn't allow the exit.
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#exit(int)
     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#gc()
     * @see     java.lang.SecurityManager#checkExit(int)
     * @since   JDK1.1
     */
    @Deprecated
    public static void runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value) {
	Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalizersOnExit(value);
    }

    /**
     * Loads a code file with the specified filename from the local file
     * system as a dynamic library. The filename
     * argument must be a complete path name.
     * <p>
     * The call <code>System.load(name)</code> is effectively equivalent
     * to the call:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Runtime.getRuntime().load(name)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      filename   the file to load.
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkLink</code> method doesn't allow
     *             loading of the specified dynamic library
     * @exception  UnsatisfiedLinkError  if the file does not exist.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>filename</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>
     * @see        java.lang.Runtime#load(java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
     */
    public static void load(String filename) {
	Runtime.getRuntime().load0(getCallerClass(), filename);
    }

    /**
     * Loads the system library specified by the <code>libname</code>
     * argument. The manner in which a library name is mapped to the
     * actual system library is system dependent.
     * <p>
     * The call <code>System.loadLibrary(name)</code> is effectively
     * equivalent to the call
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary(name)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      libname   the name of the library.
     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
     *             <code>checkLink</code> method doesn't allow
     *             loading of the specified dynamic library
     * @exception  UnsatisfiedLinkError  if the library does not exist.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>libname</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>
     * @see        java.lang.Runtime#loadLibrary(java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
     */
    public static void loadLibrary(String libname) {
	Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary0(getCallerClass(), libname);
    }

    /**
     * Maps a library name into a platform-specific string representing
     * a native library.
     *
     * @param      libname the name of the library.
     * @return     a platform-dependent native library name.
     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>libname</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>
     * @see        java.lang.System#loadLibrary(java.lang.String)
     * @see        java.lang.ClassLoader#findLibrary(java.lang.String)
     * @since      1.2
     */
    public static native String mapLibraryName(String libname);

    /**
     * The following two methods exist because in, out, and err must be
     * initialized to null.  The compiler, however, cannot be permitted to
     * inline access to them, since they are later set to more sensible values
     * by initializeSystemClass().
     */
    private static InputStream nullInputStream() throws NullPointerException {
	if (currentTimeMillis() > 0)
	    return null;
	throw new NullPointerException();
    }

    private static PrintStream nullPrintStream() throws NullPointerException {
	if (currentTimeMillis() > 0)
	    return null;
	throw new NullPointerException();
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the system class.  Called after thread initialization.
     */
    private static void initializeSystemClass() {
	props = new Properties();
	initProperties(props);
	sun.misc.Version.init();
	FileInputStream fdIn = new FileInputStream(FileDescriptor.in);
	FileOutputStream fdOut = new FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor.out);
	FileOutputStream fdErr = new FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor.err);
	setIn0(new BufferedInputStream(fdIn));
	setOut0(new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fdOut, 128), true));
	setErr0(new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fdErr, 128), true));

	// Load the zip library now in order to keep java.util.zip.ZipFile
	// from trying to use itself to load this library later.
	loadLibrary("zip");

        // Currently File.deleteOnExit is built on JVM_Exit, which is a
        // separate mechanism from shutdown hooks. Unfortunately in order to
        // work properly JVM_Exit implicitly requires that Java signal
        // handlers be set up for HUP, TERM, and INT (where available). If
        // File.deleteOnExit were implemented in terms of shutdown hooks this
        // call to Terminator.setup() could be removed.
        Terminator.setup();

	// Set the maximum amount of direct memory.  This value is controlled
	// by the vm option -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=<size>.  This method acts
	// as an initializer only if it is called before sun.misc.VM.booted().
 	sun.misc.VM.maxDirectMemory();

	// Set a boolean to determine whether ClassLoader.loadClass accepts
	// array syntax.  This value is controlled by the system property
	// "sun.lang.ClassLoader.allowArraySyntax".  This method acts as
	// an initializer only if it is called before sun.misc.VM.booted().
	sun.misc.VM.allowArraySyntax();

	// Subsystems that are invoked during initialization can invoke
	// sun.misc.VM.isBooted() in order to avoid doing things that should
	// wait until the application class loader has been set up.
	sun.misc.VM.booted();

        // The main thread is not added to its thread group in the same
        // way as other threads; we must do it ourselves here.
        Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
        current.getThreadGroup().add(current);

        // Allow privileged classes outside of java.lang
        sun.misc.SharedSecrets.setJavaLangAccess(new sun.misc.JavaLangAccess(){
            public sun.reflect.ConstantPool getConstantPool(Class klass) {
                return klass.getConstantPool();
            }
            public void setAnnotationType(Class klass, AnnotationType type) {
                klass.setAnnotationType(type);
            }
            public AnnotationType getAnnotationType(Class klass) {
                return klass.getAnnotationType();
            }
        });
    }

    /* returns the class of the caller. */
    static Class getCallerClass() {
        // NOTE use of more generic Reflection.getCallerClass()
        return Reflection.getCallerClass(3);
    }
}